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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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air sac
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alveol/o alveolus
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bronch/o
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bronchial tube bronchoscopy
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bronchiol/o
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bronchiole
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epiglottis
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epiglott/o
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larynx
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laryng/o
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nose
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nas/o
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straight
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orth/o
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chest
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pector/o
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pharynx
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pharyng/o
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diaphragm
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phren/o
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pleura
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pleru/o
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breathing
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pne/o
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lungs air
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pneumon/o
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lungs
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pulmon/o
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nose
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rhin/o
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to view
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scop/o
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sinus
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sinus/o
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chest
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thorac/o
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trachea
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thache/o
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otolayngology
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oldest medical specialty in US medical surgical managemnt and treatment diseases disorders of ear nose throat ENT related structures of head and neck ENT physicians
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special skills of ENT or otolaryngology
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diagnosing managing diseases of sinuses larynx oral cavity upper pharynx mouth throat structures of neck and face
primary care problems children and adults |
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hearing loss otolaryngologists
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affects one in ten North Americans manage congenital disorders of outer and inner ear medical surgical treatment hearing ear infections balance disorders ear noise tinnitus nerve pain facial and cranial nerve disorders
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nose primary skills of otolaryngologists
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35 million people develop chronic sinusitis common health complaint
primary skill of otolaryngologist nasal cavitiy sinuses allergies senssess of smell breathing through appearance of nose |
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throat specific to otolaryngologist
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communicating speech singing eating diseases of larynx voice boxc upper aero-digestive tract esophagus voice and swallowing disorders
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head and neck otolaryngologists
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nerves control sioght smewll hearig and face head neck treat infectious diseasews benign and malignant tumors facial trauma deformities of face cosmetic plastic reconstructive surgery
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oatolaryngologist practie after
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15 years of college post-graduate training 4 yrs med school 5 yrs specialty training pass American Board of otolaryngology exam 1-2 yr fellowship extensivew training in subspecialty
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7 areas of subspecialty
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pediatric otolaryngology otology/neurotology ears balance and tinnitus allergy facial pllastic and reconstructive surgery head neck larygnology throat rhinology nose
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otolaryngologists offer most appropriate car
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ear nose trhoat head/neck surgery
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otology/neurotology
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diseases of ear trauma cancer nerve pathway disorders hearing balance ear infection swimmer's ear hearing loss ear face neck pain dizziness ringing in ears tinnitus
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pediatric otolaryngology
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children special ENT problems birth defects head neck developmental delary otitus media tonsil adenoid infection airway problems Down's syndrome asthma allergy/sinus disease
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head neck
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cancerous noncancerous tumors in head and neck thyroid and parathyroid lump in neck or thyroid cancer of voice box
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facial plastic and reconstructive surgery
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cosmetic functional reconstructive surgical treatment abnormalilites of facew and neck deviated septum rhinoplasy nose facew lift cleft palate droping eyelids hair loss
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rhinology
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disorders of nose and sisnuses sinus disorder nose bleed stuffy nose loss of smell
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laryngology
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disorders of throat vioce swallowing problems sore throat hoarseness swallowing disorder gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD
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allergy
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treatment by meds immunotherapy allergy shots and or avoidance pollen dust mold food other sensitivities affect ear nose throat hay fever seasonal perennieal rhinitis chronic sinusitis laryngitis sore throat otitis media dizziness
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what is respiration
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act of breathing
inhaling inspiration taking in oxygen exhaling expiration giving off carbon dioxide |
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what makes up repiratory system
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organs involved in breathing
nose phkarynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs |
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upper tract respiratory tract
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nose
nasal cavity ethmoidal air cells frontal sinuses maxillary sinus larynx trachea |
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lower respiratory tract
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lungs
bronchi alveoli |
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lungs take in
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oxygen allcells in body need to live and carry normal functions
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lungs get rid of
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carbon dioxide waste product of body's cells
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lungs look like
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pair of cone-shaped organs spongy, pinkish-gray tissue in chest thorax between neck and diaphragm
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lungs inside membrane called
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pleura
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lungs separated by
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mediastinium
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mediastinum contains
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heart large vessels
trachea windpipe esophagus thymus lymph nodes |
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right lung has 3
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sections called Lobes
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left lung has 2
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lobes
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when you breathe air
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enters through nose/mouth
travels down throat larynx voice box and trachea windpipe |
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goes into lungs through tubes called
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main-stem bronchi
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one main-stem bronchus leads to
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right lung and one to left lung
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in the luings main-stem bronchi divide into
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smaller bronchi
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then even smaller tubes called
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bronchioles
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bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called
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alveoli
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primary air cells of lungs
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alveoli
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two main air passages to lungs
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bronchi
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smallest branches of bronchi
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bronchioles
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hair on mucous membranes
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cilia
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main muscle used for breathing separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity
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diaphragm
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flap of cartilage prevents food from entering trachea windpipe
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epiglottis
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tube through which food passes from mouth down to stomach
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esophagus
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muscular organ pumps blood through out body
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heart
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sheets of muscle between each rib expand when air is inhaled and contract when air is exhaled
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intercostal muscles
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voice box
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larynx
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two organs extract oxygen from inhaled air and expel carbon dioxide in exhaled air
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lungs
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muscles help move diaphragm up and down for breathing
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muscles attached to diaphragm
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also known as nostrils
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nares
singular form of nares sis naris |
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interior area of nose lined with sticky mucous membrane contains tiny surface hairs called cilia
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nasal cavity
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located at entrance of nose hairs trap large particles inhaled
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nose hairs
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air spaces within skull
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paranasal sinuses
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throat
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pharynx
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covering lung and lining chest cavity membrane has 2 thin layers
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pleural membrane
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pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from heart lungs pumonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to heart
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pulmonary vessels
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area of brain controls breathing
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respiratory center
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bones attached to soine and central portion of breastbone support chest wall protect heart lungs other organs in chest
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ribs
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wall dividing two cavities
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septum
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air-filled cavity within a bone provide mucus
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sinuses
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area contains lungs area between lungs is mediastinum contains heart aorta esophagus trachea bronchial tubes and thymus
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thoracic cavity
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lymphatic tissue found at back of throat helps protect body from invading organisms
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tonsils
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tube through which air passes from nose to lungs windpipe
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trachea
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step by step path from nose to alveoli
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nose
nasal cavity paranasal sinus pharynx larynx trachea bronchus bronchiole alveoli |
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nose is a
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vital organ
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nasal congestion and runny nose have effect on
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quality of life energy level ability to breathe sleep to function in general
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why is nose important
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processes air breathed before enters lungs
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most of activity takes place in and on
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turbinates
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turbinates located
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on sides of nasal passages
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an adult ? liters of air
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18,000-20,000 liters each day
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your nose protects your health by
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filterin air retaining particles as small as pollen grain 100% efficiency
humidifying air breathed adding moisture to prevent dyness of lining of lungs and bronchial tubes warming cold air to body temp before arrives to lungs |
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where are salifary glands
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in and around your mouth and throat
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names of major salivary glands
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parotid
submandibular sublingual glands |
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parotid
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through tubes drain saliva called salivary ducts near upper teeth
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submandibular
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under tongue
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sublingual
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many ducts in floor of mouth
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tiny gland called
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minor salivary glands located in your lips inner cheek buccal mucosa other lingings of mouth and throat
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slivary glands produce
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saliva used to moisten mouth initiate digestion help protect teeth from decay
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where does smell and taste process begin
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when molecules release by substances around stimulate special nerve cells in nose mouth or throat these cells transmit messages to brain where smells or tastes are identified
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olfactory
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small nerve cells stimulated by odors found in tiny patch of tissue in nose connect directly to brain
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gustatory taste nerve cells
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react to food or drink mixed with saliva clustered in taste buds of mouth and throat many small bumps can be seen on tongue contain taste buds these surface cells send taste info to nearby nerve fibers send messages to brain
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common chemical sense chemosensory mechanism contributes sto
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sense of smell and taste
thousands of free nerve endings especially in eyes nose mouth and throat moist areas identify sensations like ammonia menthol heat of chili etc. |
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flavor 4 basic
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sweet
sour bitter salty |
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what causes smell and taste disorders
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upper respiratory infections injury to head
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loss of smell and taste
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polyps in nasal or sinus cavities hormonal disturbances or dental problems prolonged exposure to certain chemicals insecticides some medicines
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tobacco smoking
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most concentrated form of pollution most exposed to impairs ability identfy odors diminishes sense of taste quitting improves smell function
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radiation therapy patients with cancers of head and neck
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complain lost smell and taste senses lost in course of some diseases of nervous system
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patients who have lost their larynx voice box***
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complain of poor ability to smell and taste
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laryngectomy patients can use
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special bypass tube to breathe through the nose again enhanced air flow through nose helps smell and taste sensation to be reestablished
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some respiratory or lung diseases
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asthma pneumonia TB lung cancer
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335,000 die of
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lung disease
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lung disease is number___ killer in America
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3
responsible for 1 in 7 deaths |
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lung disease other breathing problems number___ killer of babies younger than___
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one
younger than one |
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more than 30 million Americans living with
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease asthma emphysema chronic bronchitis
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lung disease affects
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people of all ages sgenders incomes but disproportionate share of minority pops
particularly african-americans |
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acute bronchitis is
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inflammation of breathing tubes airways called bronchi production of mucus and other changes
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2 most common bronchitis is
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acute and chronic
acute is inflammation of mucus membranes of bronchial tubes |
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URI upper respiratorpy infection
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includes any infections disease process starting with nose ending with lungs
viruses bacteria common cold infuenza sinus problems minor sore throat |
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bronchitis is a _____infection or lung condition
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lower respiratory infection
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influenza flu
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contagious viral respiratory tract infection 10-20 percent of pop; in US contract flu each year
flu characterized by abrupt onset of fever muscle aches sore throat nonproductive cough Influenza can lead to pneumonia and death influenza divided into 3 types A B C |
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COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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refers to lung diseases interferes with normal breathin
11 % US pop has COPD 2 most common chronic bronchitis and emphysema causes not understood most important cause cigarette smoking air pollution occupational exposures heredity alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency |
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symptoms COPD
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chronic bronchitis cough sputum many years before shortness of breath
emphysema patients shortness of breath cough and sputum during a respiratory infection or in later stages of illness |
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asthma
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chronic inflammatory lung disease recurrent breathing problems
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chronic bronchitis
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long-term inflammation of brochi increased production of mucous
cough and expedctoration mst days for at least 3 months per year for two years in a row other causes of symptoms TB other lung diseases excluded |
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pulmonary emphysema
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chronic lung condition alveoli or air sacs deswtroyed narrowed collapsed stretched or over-inflated
over-inflation air sacs result breakdown walls of alveoli decrease in respiratory function breathlessness damage to air sacs irreversible permanent holes in tissues of lower lungs |
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systic fibrosis
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inherited disease abnormality in glands produce sweat and mucus chronic progressive may be fatal
affects various systems in children young adults respiratory system digestive system reproductive system |
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Interstitial lung disease
interstitial pulmonary fibrosis pulmonary fibrosis ILD |
includes more than 180 chronic lung disorders
chronic nonmalignant noninfectios named for tissue between air sacs lungs called interstitium tissue affected by fibrosis(Scarring) |
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pneumonia
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inflammation of lungs caused bacteria viruses chemical irritants serious inflammation air sacs fill with pus and other liquid
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lobar pneumonia
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affects one or more sections lobes of lungs
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bronchial pneumonia bronchopneumonia
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affects patches throughout both lungs
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main types of pneumonia
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bacterial pneumonia various bacteria streptococcus pheumoniae most common
viral pneumonia varous viruses accounts for half of all cases of pneumonia mycoplasma pneumonia different symptoms physical signs cause mycoplasmas smallest free-living agent of hesease inhumankind characteristics of bacteria and viruses not classified as either cause mild widespread pneumonia all age groups |
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other less common pneumonias
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inhaling food liquid gases dust fungi
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primary pulmonary hypertension
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lung disorder blood pressure in pulmonary artery rises far above normal levels
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pulmonary embolism
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severe life-threatening condition blocking of pulmonary artery foreign matter blood clot thrombus or pieces of it fat air tumor tissue
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pulmonary sarcoidosis
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rare disease inflammation 90% of cases found in lungs can occur in any organ small lumps granulomas heal disappear granulomas do not heal tissue inflamed scarred fibrotic c
can develop into PULMONARY FIBROSIS |
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bronchiectasis
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pockets form in air tubes on lung become sites for infection
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TB
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chronic bacterial infection other organs sometimes involved airborne disease
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lung cancer
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abnormal continuing multiplying of cells
grow into adjacent tissue spread to distant parts of body |
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mass of cancer cells eventually become
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large enough produce lumps masses or tumors can be detected lumps can be benign or malignant
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lung cancer starts in
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lining of bronchi other areas of respeiratory system trachea bronchioles or alveoli
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nearly all lung cancers
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develop over period of many years
carcinomas cancer begins in lining or covering tissues of organ tumor cells of each type of lung cancer grow and spread differently each type requires different treatent more 95% lung cancers called BRONHOGENIC CARCINOMA |
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lung cancers 2 types
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non-small cell lung cancer more common than small cell lung cancer
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small cell lung cancer 3 kinds
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squamous cell carcinoma EPIDERMOID CARCINOMA most common type lung cancer in men begins in bronchidoes not spread quickly
adenocarcinoma begins ouoter edges of lungs under linging of bronchi most common in women non smokers large cell carcinomas large abnormal-looking cells tumors begin outer edges of lungs |
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small cell lung cancer sometimes called
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oat cell cancer
look like oats under microscope grow rapidly spreads to other organs |
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secondhand smoke
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combo smoke from burning cig and smoke exhaled by smoker
over 4000 diff chemicals identified in secondhand smoke at least 43 chemicals cause cancer more than 3000 non-smokers die lung cancer each yr |
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to document cigarette use
50-pack year smoking history |
means average number of cig packs per day multiplied by number of years smoked
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lung souds examined by
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auscultation listening with stethoscope
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normal sung sounds occur in
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all parts of chest above collarbones low as bottom of rib cage
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absent or decreased sounds are
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inaudible absent or reduced in loudness decreased reduced airflow to segment of lungs
over inflation of portion of lungs emphysema air or fluid around lungs sometimes increased thickness of chest wall |
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several type of abnormal breath sosunds
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rales
rhonchi wheezes wheezing sometimes heard without stethoscope other abnormal sounds also can be detected |
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rales
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crackles crepitations small clicking bubbling rattling sounds in portion of lung
believed to occur air opens closed alveoli air spaces rales described as moist dry fine coarse |
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rhonchi
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resemble snoring produced when air movement through large airways is obstructed or turbulent
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wheezes***
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high-pitched musical sounds produced by narrowed airways
occurring during expiration |
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How many Americans suffer from allergy***
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45 million
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hay fever
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allergic rhinitis***
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why was it called hay fever
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workers would sneeze develop nasal and sinus congestion when they worked around hay in fields
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what are the most common symptoms of allergic reaction
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hay fever asthma eczema***
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when do allergy symptoms appear
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when body's immune system responds to substance like invader***
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dangerous invader called**
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antigen allergen
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what specific defenders called
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antibodies to entry site
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what happens in battle between allergen and antibody
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results in release of chemical mediators histameine into blood stream
cause changes in body produces symptoms we feel |
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symptoms are
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itching eyes sneezing nasal stuffiness nasal congestion drainage headache ***
hearing changes scratchy sore throats hoarseness and cough |
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other less common symptoms
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balance disturbances swelling in face or throat tissues skin irritations respiratory problems and asthma
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when do allergies occur
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sometimes all year sometimes certain seasons
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what is most successful symptom control
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multiple managment approaches used imultaneously
minimizing exposure to allergens managing symptoms with meds desensitization with allergy shots |
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what is an allergen
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anything
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what are most common
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pollens food mold dust feathers animal dander chemicals drugs penicillin pollutants environmental
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hay fever is caused by
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pollens ragweed ****begins in august continues until first frost
grasses timothy orchard redtop sweet vernal Bermuda Johnson bluegrasses |
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early springtime hay fever is
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pollens of trees elm maple birch poplar beech ash oak walnut sycamore cypress hickory pecan cottonwood alder
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which allergens always present
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dust household pet danders foods wool various chemicals sometimes worse in winter when house closed up
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what is secondary to pollens
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mold spores grow all year lo ng grow outdoors indoors dead leaves farm areas indoor plants old boods bathrooms damp areas indoor cheese fermented beverages
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colorful or fragrant flowering plants rarely
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cause allergy pollens too heavy to be airborne
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are allergies serious
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lost workdays decreased work efficiency poor school performance less enjoyment of life
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common for allergy sufferers to develop
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sinus or respiratory infections if not controlled
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what meds useful in treatment
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antihistamines nasal decongestant sprays steroid sprays saline sprays
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based on detailed history and thorough exam coc may advise
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testing to determine specific substances to which allergic
environmental control*** |
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what are meds symptoms side effects
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antihistamine sneezing runny nose stuffy nose itchy eyes congestion
drowsiness dry mouth and nose decongestants stuffy nose congestion stimulation insomnia rapid heart beat combinations all of the above any of the above |
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treatments by otolaryngologist
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depend on what you are allergic to and degree of sensitivity
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cure for allergies?
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administration of injections build up protective antibodies to specific allergens
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like which allergens
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pollens molds animal danders dust etc
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most changes in voice result from
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medical disorder
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failure to seek care can lead to
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hoarseness and more serious problems
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a serious problem
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laryngitis swelling of vocal cords due to infection
viral infection of upper respiratory track is most common cause for infection of voice box |
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what leads to hoarseness
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vocal cords swell in size vibrate differently
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best treatment
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rest reduce voice use stay well hydrated
antibiotics are not effective |
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benign growths on vocal cords caused by
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boice misuse or overuse trauma injury to vocal cords lesions on vocal cords alter vocal cord vibration hoarseness chronic change in voice quality roughness raspiness increased effort to talk
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
laryngopharyngeal reflux disease LPRD |
reflux backflow of gastric contents into throat of stomach acid cause variety of symptoms in esophagus swallowing tube throat
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common symptoms of gastric acid irritation of throat LPRD
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hoarseness chronic or intermittent swallowing problems foreign body sensation throat pain
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poor speaking technique***
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speaking abnormally or uncomfortable pitch too high too low percussuive speaking too loud focusing on first syllable of each word
causing vocal fatique |
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other factors improper speaking tech
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insufficient improper breathing while talking breathing from shoulders or neck area instead of lower chest or abdominal area
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vocal cord paralysis
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problems between nerves and muscles in voice box or larynx condition is paralysis or weakness of one or both vocal cords
most recover on their own within several months if not require surgical treatment before permanent |
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thrat cancer
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voice changes in quality chronic hoarseness roughness or rapiness symptoms occur at early stage in development of cancer prompt attention to changes in voice early diagnosis early and successful treatment of vocal cord cancer obtained
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persistent hoarseness or change in voice longer than two -four weeks in smoker
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evaluation by otolaryngologist to determine if there is cancer
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treatments of cancer of voice box larynx
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surgery radiation therapy and/or chemo
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when vocal cord cancer found early
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typically only surgery radiation therapy required and cure rate high greater than 90 percent
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lung cancer diagnosed how
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complete medical history check for risk factors smptoms phys exam
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other procedures used to diagnose lung cancer
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chest x-ray mass or spot on lungs
other special x-rays and scans CT more precise info size shape position of tumor sputum cytology study of phlegm spit cells under microscope needle biopsy needle into mass while lungs are viewed on CT scan sample of mass removed evaluated in pathology lab under microscope |
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bronchoscopy
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fiberoptic flexible lighted tube passed through mouth into brochi find centrally located tumors blockages gather samples of tissue fluids to be examined under microscope
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mediastinoscopy
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process in which small cut made in neck so tissue sample can be taken from lymph nodes mediastinal nodes along windpipe and major bronchial tube areas evaluate under microscope
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x-rays scans of brain liver bone adrenal glands
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determine if cancer has spread from where it started into other areas of body
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how is it treated
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3 main types of surgery choice depends on size and location of tumor extent of cancer general health of patient other factors
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segmental or wedge resection
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remove only small part of lung
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lobectomy
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removal of entire lobe of lung
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pneumonectomy
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removal of entire lung
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radiation therapy radiotherapy
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use of high-energy rays to damage cancer cells and stop from growing and dividing
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chemotherapy
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use of drugs to kill cancer cells
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