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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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increased A-a gradient suggests
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hypoventilation, poor diffusion, right-to-left shunt, V/Q mismatch
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A-a gradient should be ___
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15mmHg or less
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main drive for respiration
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acidemia
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for every change in 2mmHg in CO2, you should see __ in pH?
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change of 0.1
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stertor/stridor
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stertor - snoring sound due to obstruction in nasal passage
stridor - harsh, shrill sound from upper airway obstruction |
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bronchial sounds
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inspiratory and expiratory sounds
-inspiratory is louder -heard over trachea and larynx |
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broncho-vesicular sounds
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insporatory and shorter expiratory phase
-heard over hilar region |
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vesicular sounds
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wispy inspiratory phase
-heard at periphery of lung field |
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why are cats resistant to endotoxin?
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liver doesn't make much LPS-binding protein
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2 main types of primary pulmonary neoplasia
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1- adenocarcinoma,
2- squamous cell carcinoma |
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paraneoplastic syndrome related to pulmonary neoplasia
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hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy
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Feline Herpes Virus
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-DNA virus
-one serotype -enveloped (easily destroyed) -can only survive in environment less than 24 hours |
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Feline Calicivirus
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-RNA virus
-many strains -non-enveloped (survives many weeks in environment) |
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Feline herpes virus infection
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incubation is 2-3 days, shedding for up to 3 weeks
-viremia is rare -epithelial necrosis, turbinate destruction -common in kittens |
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Feline Calicivirus infection
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-vesicles and ulcers seen in mouth
-can also see fever, lameness |
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viral infection treatment
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Lysine, interferon,
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Bordatella bronchiseptica rhinitis
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gram-negative
-can be primary or secondary -cats can be infected, or carriers -treatment of choice in doxycycline, but may not eliminate organisms |
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symptoms pointing to feline herpesvirus
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lethargy, conjunctivitis, hypersalivation, keratitis
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symptoms pointing to feline calicivirus
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oral ulceration, lameness
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symptoms pointing to Bordatella infection
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coughing, NO conjunctivitis
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most common agent of mycotic rhinitis in a dog
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Aspergillus
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most common agent of mycotic rhinitis in a cat
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Cryptococcus
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Aspergillus
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-spores are in soil, water
-opportunistic pathogen -primary-plaques in nasal cavity -secondary-trauma from foreign body |
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Aspergillus symptoms, diagnosis
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depigmentation, CNS signs
-diagnose by culturing nasal plaques |
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Cryptococcus agent/infection in cats
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-saprophytic yeast
-associated with pigeon droppings -thick capsule -antibodies aren't effective against -lesions can be granulomatous with few organisms or masses with many organisms -can affect eyes, CNS |
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Crypto in dogs
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-can affect skin, eyes, nasal cavity, often CNS
-dissemination is more common than in cats |
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idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis
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young to middle aged dogs
-often long-nosed breeds -chronic mucoid nasal discharge -biopsy will show inflammation -treat with long term antibiotics and steroids/NSAIDs |
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nasopharyngeal polyps
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most common nasopharyngeal dz in cats
-thought to come from middle ear |
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nasal mites name
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Pneumonyssus
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nasal planum neoplasia
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-Squamous cell carcinoma
-in cat, associated with unpigmented areas (not in dog) -locally invasive, but don't metastasize |
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canine nasosinal tumors
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-long-nosed breeds
-air pollutants -most are carcinomas -locally invasive and metastasize -treatment of choice is radiation |
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feline nasosinal tumors
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lymphoma common
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feline primary lung tumors
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better prognosis for more differentiated tumors
-commonly metastasize to digits |
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canine pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis
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young to middle aged dogs
-pulmonary granulomas -responds to chemotherapy |
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thymoma
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-epithelial component
-usually well-encapsulated -paraneoplastic syndromes such as myasthenia gravis, exfoliative dermatitis in cats -good prognosis unless mega-esophagus |
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cranial mediastinal lymphosarcoma in cats
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most are FeLV+
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mesothelioma
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asbestos exposure
-rare congenital forms in cattle, sheep -malignant, disseminates everywhere |
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carcinomatosis
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-looks like mesothelioma, but primary tumor is elsewhere
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malignant histiocytosis
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Burnese Mountain Dogs, Retrievers
-poor prognosis |
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4 parts of brachycephalic syndrome
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-stenotic nares
-elongated soft palate -everted laryngeal saccules -hypoplastic trachea (some) |
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surgical treatment of elongated soft palate
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staphlectomy
-prevent inhalation of blood and swelling |
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laryngeal collapse
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brachycephalic breeds
-everted saccules and medial deviation of aryepiglottic folds |
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laryngeal paralysis
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acquired, idiopathic
-older large breed dogs -maybe generalized neuropathy? |
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laryngeal paralysis surgical treatments
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lateralization procedure
-modified castellated laryngeofissure -arytenoidectomy |
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tracheal collapse
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small breeds
-goose-honk cough -4 grades |
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medical treatments for tracheal collapse
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-weight loss
-remove air-borne irritants -lower stress -use bronchodilators, steroids and anti-tussives |
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surgical treatments for tracheal collapse
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dorsal membrane plication (decreases diameter, but keeps it from flattening)
-internal stents -external support |
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most common congenital diaphragmatic hernia
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pericardio-peritoneal hernia
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tracheal resection
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can remove 8-10 rings in adult dogs (25%)
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incarceration vs strangulation
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incarceration - something is stuck
strangulation - stuck and blood flow is cut off |
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bacterial pyothorax in cats is usually anaerobic/aerobic?
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aerobic
-be aggressive, flush everyday |
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bacterial pyothorax in dogs is usually anaerobic/aerobic?
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anaerobic
-poor prognosis due to fibrosis |
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true chylous effusion will have high ___?
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triglycerides
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When doing a thoracic tap, the artery runs behind/in front of the rib?
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behind
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Do cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cough?
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NO
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small animal lung parasites
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Aelurostrongylus - cat
Paragonimus - dog, cat -neither float, so need special diagnostic test |
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feline asthma radiographic signs
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bronchial pattern
reticular interstitial markings hyperinflation |
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bronchial lavage in cats
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-should be done on every chronically coughing cat
-up to 40% eosinophils normally |
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treatment for feline asthma (chronic bronchitis)
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steroids (side effects such as thin skin, diabetes)
-leukotriene antagonists (singulair) |
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antitussive drugs
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Morphine, codeine, hydrocodone (hycodan), butorphanol (centrally-acting cough suppressant)
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PEEP
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-Positive End-Expiratory Pressure
-keeps alveoli from collapsing at the end of expiration |
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Forced ventilation will ____ pre-load
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decrease
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Beta-2 agonists useful for what diseases?
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-causes bronchial relaxation
-terbutaline/albuterol used for episodes in cats -activates adentlate cyclase and increases cAMP -contraindicated in HCM because it increases heart rate |
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methylxanthine drugs
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Theophylline
-phosphodiesterase inhibitors (decrease breakdown of cAMP) -bronchodilators -unpredictable |
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anticholinergics
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Atropine, glycopyrrolate
-inhibit vagal tone -bronchodilator |
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cyproheptadine
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serotonin antagonist
-used as bronchodilator in chronic asthma cats |
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2 bronchodilator drugs that act synergistically
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xanthines and beta-2 agonists (aminophylline and terbuteline)
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best bronchodilator is ___?
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oxygen
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