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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Breathing |
Mechanical movement of your muscles in your ribs in order to help you inhale and exhale |
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Cellular respiration |
Chemical reaction where oxygen is used to break down sugar to produce a combustion reaction to obtain energy. CO2 is a waste product that must be exhaled. Takes place in the mitochondria. |
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Ideal respiratory membrane |
Thin, moist, close to blood Supply, large surface area |
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Purpose of the respiratory system |
To exchange gases, breathe, speak |
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How is air prepared before entering the lungs |
Warmed by the blood in the capillaries, moistened by mucus, cleaned and filtered by nose hairs or cilia for microscopic particles |
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goblet cells |
produce mucus, line respiratory track |
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ciliated cells |
trap debris, microscopic, between the cilia |
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tissues in the respiratory systems |
cartilage, muscle, epithelial |
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cartilage |
connective tissue, supportive but flexible |
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muscle |
skeletal muscle on ribs, intercostal muscles |
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epithelial tissue |
surrounds the lungs, pleural membrane |
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earthworm |
outer skin |
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outer skin respiratory system |
No specialized gas exchange organs, oxygen diffuses into thin-walled capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out, must live in damp places to keep their skin moist, some amphibians are also skin breathers |
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fish |
gills |
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gills respiratory sytem |
Extensions or folds in the body that increase serface area through which gases are exchanged, oxygen from the water to fuses across the gill into capillaries co2 diffuses out, always moist because they live in water |
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Insects |
Tracheal system |
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Tracheal system |
-an internal system of branching respiratory tubes call tracheae. -They connect body cells directly to the environment by even smaller tubes called spiracles. -o2 enters through spiracles and diffuses into the tracheae. -co2 diffuses out of body in the opposite directiosn |
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mammals |
lungs |
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lungs respiratory system |
-most land animals need more o2 bc of larger size and more activity -exchange gases via trachea that branches into lungs -lungs covered with moist epithelium |
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what does your body do to inhale and exhale |
your INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES change the volume and pressure in your THORACIC (chest) CAVITY |
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when volume goes up |
pressure goes down |
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inhaling movements |
-ribs move up and out -diaphragm contracts and moves down (flattens) -intercostal muscles contract -volume UP pressure DOWN -air moves in |
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exhalation movments |
-ribcage moves down and in -diaphragm relaxes and moves up -pressure in lungs RISES volume LOWERS -air is pushed out |
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why is the air at sea level better than at high altitudes |
at sea level, the pressure of the 'column of air' is greater therefore so is the o2 pressure |
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as we move higher in altitude, |
the column or air gets shorter and the pressure is lower |
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why is it hard to breathe at high altitudes |
the pressure in the air is close to the pressure inside our lungs, so it is difficult to be inhaled |
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hypoxia |
lack of oxygen to our cells. aka altitude sickness |
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body's initial response to hypoxia |
increased breathing rate |
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secondary response to hypoxia |
to produce more red blood cells |
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advantages of hypoxia |
body is able to take in far more oxygen from the air and can perform very well athletically |
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co2 inhaled vs exhaled |
0.03% inhaled 4.5% exhaled |
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o2 inhaled vs exhaled |
-21% inhaled -16.5% exhaled -remaining amount can be used for CPR |
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n2 inhale vs exhale |
-78% in 78% out |
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we exhale more co2 than we inhale because |
it is produced during cellular respiration |
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average human lung capacity |
6L of air |
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types of lung volume |
-tidal volume -inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) -expiratory reserve volume (ERV) -vital capacity (VC) -residual volume (RV) -total lung capacity (TLC) |
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tidal volume |
amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during rest. 250-500mL |
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inspiratory reserve volume |
amount of air you can force IN after a tidal inhale. 2000mL -ex. diving into a pool |
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expiratory reserve volume |
amount of air you can force OUT after a tidal exhale. 1500mL -ex. blowing out a candle |
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vital capacity |
max amount of air that can move in and out of lungs (excluded residual volume). 4000mL -ex. singing, yoga |
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residual volume |
air that can never leave the lungs. -not measured -prevents lungs from collapsing -1200mL -ex. winded, cpr, coking |
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total lung capacity |
max amount of air that can be held in lungs. - -6l in males, 4.2L in females |
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vital capacity equation |
vs= irv + erv + tv |
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total lung capacity equation |
(tlc) = irv + tv + erv + rv |
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regulation of breathing controlled by |
medulla oblongata, which is a part of the brain that controls involuntary actions |
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when co2 levels increase |
the pH of the blood decreases |
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blood ph shoukd be |
7.3, almost neutral. -our blood contains h20, which, when combined with co2, created carbonic acid -when h+ (hydrogen ions) are released from carbonic acid, the blood can become acidic. |
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chemoreceptors |
recieve info that the blood ph is low and tell the intercostal muscles to start breathing faster |
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gases move from |
HIGH concentration to LOW concentration via DIFFUSION |
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gas exchange can happen in |
alveoli and capillaries, capillaries and body cells |
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gas exchange in alveoli and capillaries |
o2 into from alveoli to capil. o2 from capil into alveoli |
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gas exchangr in capillaries and blood cells |
co2 from body cells to capil. o2 from capil jnto body cells |
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parts of system in order |
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, glottis, larynx, vocal cords, trachea, long, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm, pleural membrane, ribs and sternum |
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Nose or mouth |
Air enters |
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Nasal passages |
Air is warmed, moistened, and cleaned of dust or other small particles via mucus and specialized cells |
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Pharynx |
Connects mouth and nasal cavity to larynx and esophagus |
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Epiglottis |
Can close the glottis, usually up right to allow air to pass through, prevents food from entering the trachea |
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Glottis |
Entrance of trachea through which air enters the larynx |
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Larynx |
Voice box made of cartilage and produces sounds |
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Vocal cords |
Two folds of membrane stretched across the lyrics. Move closer so the pressure from the air from the lungs causes them to vibrate |
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Trachea |
Tube that carries air from nasal passages to bronchi and then to lungs |
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Bronchi |
Two tubes that Branch from the trachea |
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Bronchioles |
Passageways that Branch from each bronchus into increasingly smaller thin-walled tubes |
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Alveoli |
Surrounded by capillaries. Respiratory gases are exchanged in these sacs |
