Respiration - Brs

Front 1

Symptoms:

Running Nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and mild sore throat

Back 1

Dx. Common Cold

Caused by Adenovirus

Front 2

Cold with Eosinophils in the Blood

Back 2

Allergic Rhinitis

Front 3

Bacterial infections that are superimposed on common colds are caused by?

Back 3

Streptcocci, staph or h. influenza

Front 4

Symptoms: Harsh inspiratory cough and stridor?

Back 4

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

an inflammation of the larynx, trachea and epiglottis - life threatening in infants.

Typically viral cause.

Front 5

Most common tumors of the nose and nasal sinuses?

Back 5

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - EBV related, common in SE Asia and E. Africa

Squamous Cell Carcinoma - most frequently occuring

Adenocarcinoma - 5% of malignant nasal carcinoma

Plasmacytoma

Front 6

Tumors of the Larynx?

Back 6

Singer's Nodule - usually localized to true vocal crods

Laryngeal papilloma - benign

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

a. Glottic carcinoma
b. Supraglottic and subglottic carcinoma

Front 7

Benign laryngeal polyp, frequently associated with heavy cigarette smoking?

Back 7

Singer's Nodule.

Hint 7

Usually localizes to the true vocal cords

Front 8

Benign neoplasm of true vocal cords that in adults occurs singly and can undergo malignant neoplasm?

Back 8

Laryngeal papilloma

Hint 8

In children, often presents as multiple lesions, caused by HPV. Benign but recurring on resection.

Front 9

Most common malignant tumor of the larynx

Back 9

Squamous cell carcinoma

Hint 9

Often seen in men over 40, associated with smoking and alcoholism.

Front 10

Most common of the laryngeal carcinomas?

Back 10

Glottic carcinoma.

Arises in true vocal cords and has best prognosis

Hint 10

Supraglottic and subglottic are less common and have a worse prognosis

Front 11

Proportional reduction in FEV1 and FVC leads to normal FEV1/FVC

Back 11

Restrictive lung diseases - kyphoscoliosis, intestial or infiltrative parenchymal disease

Front 12

Types of Asthma

Back 12

Extrinsic (immune) - mediated by Type I hypersensitivity reaction

Intrinsic (nonimmune) - associated with chronic bronchitis, exercise and cold induced asthma.

Front 13

COPD categories

Back 13

Asthma
Pulmonary emphysema
Bronchiectasis

Front 14

Bronchial asthma - pathologic findings

Back 14

Bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy

Hyperplasia of submucosal glands and goblet cells

Airways plugged with viscid mucus - Curschmann spirals, eosinophils, Charcot-Leyden crystals

* Etiology - increased sensitivity of air passages to stimuli

Front 15

Pulmonary emphysema - pathological findings

Back 15

Abnormal dilation of air spaces with destruction of alveolar walls

Reduced lung elasticity

Front 16

Bronchiectasis - pathologic findings

Back 16

Abnormally dilated bronchi filled with mucus and neutrophils

Inflammation and necrosis of bronchial walls and alveolar fibrosis

Front 17

Symptoms - dyspnea and wheezing expiration

Back 17

Bronchial asthma

Front 18

Complications of Bronchial Asthma

Back 18

Superimposed infection

Chronic Bronchitis

Pulmonary emphysema

Bouts of Status Asthmaticus

Front 19

Definition: Productive cough lasting at leasdt 3 consequetive months over the past 2 years

Back 19

Chronic bronchitis

Front 20

Chronic Bronchitis

Back 20

Linked to cigarette smoking, and associated with air pollution, infection and genetics

Hypersecretion of mucus due to hyperplasia of mucus secreting submucosal glands

May lead to Cor Pulmonale

Front 21

Emphysema

Back 21

Dilation of airspace with destruction of the alveolar walls and lack of elastic recoil

Strong association with cigarette smoking.

Front 22

Increased anterior posterior diameter of the chest

Increased total vital capacity

Hypoxia

Cyanosis

Respiratory Acidosis

Back 22

Emphysema - clinical characteristics

Front 23

Types of Emphysema

Back 23

1. Centrolobular
2. Panacinar
3. Paraseptal
4. Irregular

Front 24

Panacinar emphysema

Back 24

Dilation of the entire acinus - alveolim alveolar ducts, respiratory and terminal bronchioles

Uniform distribution

Loss of elasticity, and sometimes genetically determined by deficiency in Alpha1-AntiTrypsin

Front 25

Emphysema is often complicated or coexistant with:

Back 25

Chronic Bronchitis

Front 26

Emphysema complications

Back 26

Coexistance Chronic Bronchitis

Intestitial emphysema

Rupture of a surface bleb to create a pneumotrhorax

Front 27

Causes of Emphysema

Back 27

Elastase released from neutrophils an macrophages

Loss of A1-AntiTrypsin that would neutralize elastases

Front 28

Alpha1-Antitrypsin

Back 28

Neutralizes elastase and preserves lung integrity

PiZ allele - structural alteration that interfers with hepatic secretion.

PiZZ homozygous - greatly decreased activity of A1-antiTrypsin, paraacinar emphysema and hepatic cirrhosis

Front 29

Symptoms: Copious purulent sputum, hemoptysis and recurrent pulmonary infection that may lead to lung abscess

Back 29

Bronchiectasis

Front 30

Bronchiectasis

Back 30

Permanent abnormal bronchial dilation caused by chronic infection, with inflammation and necrosis of the bronchial wall.

Front 31

Conditions presupposing to Bronchiectasis

Back 31

Bronchial obstruction (often tumor)

Chronic sinusitis with post nasal drip

Front 32

Kartagener's syndrome

Back 32

Sinusitis, bronchiectasis and situs inversus

Sometimes hearing loss and male sterility

Caused by defect in motility of cilia in respiratory, auditory and sperm.