Respiration

Front 1

three functions of primary respiration

Back 1

exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood

homeostatic regulation of body pH

vocalization

Front 2

what are some other functions of respiration

Back 2

protection from inhaled pathogens

conversion of metabolic substances

blood filtration

voiding of toxic volatiles

Front 3

the airways open in how many directions

Back 3

two

Front 4

the airways are lined with..

Back 4

ciliated cells

Front 5

gas flows from ____ to _____ pressure

Back 5

high to low

Front 6

decreasing volume __________ collisions and _________ pressure

Back 6

increases

increases

Front 7

boyles law states that

Back 7

if the volume of a container changes, the pressure changes inversely

Front 8

daltons law says that

Back 8

total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

Front 9

At sea level, the atmosphericpressure is about

Back 9

760 mmHg

Front 10

henry's law states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is determined by the...

Back 10

partial pressure of the gas and gas's solubility in the liquid

Front 11

At rest, pressure within intrapleural space is a little _______ thanatmospheric

Back 11

lower

Front 12

during inspiration, the diapraghm

Back 12

pulls down and chest wall expands

Front 13

step after diaphragm is pulled down for inspiration

Back 13

lungs expand and pressure is reduced which causes air to rush into lungs so pressure can be equalized

Front 14

During expiration, the chest becomes ________ as the breathing muscle relax

Back 14

smaller

Front 15

three ways to breathe

Back 15

increase alveolar pressure

decrease body surface pressure

activate inspiratory muscles

Front 16

how are lung volumes, capacities, and function measured

Back 16

spirometer

Front 17

how do you calculate the total lung capacity

Back 17

vital capacity + residual volume

Front 18

how do you calculate the expiratory reserve volume

Back 18

functional residual volume + residual volume

Front 19

__________________-- During expiration, the chest becomes

Back 19

dead space

Front 20

the volume of air which can beforcibly and maximally exhaled out of the lungs until no more canbe expired.

Back 20

forced vital capacity

Front 21

thevolume of air which can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs in thefirst second of a forced expiratory maneuver.

Back 21

forced expiratory volume in one second

Front 22

maximum flow rateachieved by the patient during the forced vital capacity maneuverbeginning after full inspiration and starting and ending withmaximal expiration -

Back 22

peak expiratory flow rate

Front 23

measure of how much air can be expired from the lungs

Back 23

forced expiratory flow

Front 24

_____________ is a measure of the "stiffness" of lung and chest wall

Back 24

compliance

Front 25

_________ works to reduce theoverall stiffness of the lung

Back 25

surfactant

Front 26

The absence of surfactant as in ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome), results in

Back 26

stiff lungs and a tendency for the alveoli to fill with fluid

Front 27

Infants born before they produce sufficient surfactants develop...

Back 27

respiratory distress syndrome

Front 28

treatment for respiratory distress syndrome in infants

Back 28

body temp is maintained to keep oxygen consumption at a minimum

infant given oxygen therapy

sometimes a respirator is used

artificial surfactant applied to lungs as an aerosol

Front 29

which type of alveolar cells secrete surfactant

Back 29

type II

Front 30

___________ is a condition in which elastin fibers are destroyed

Back 30

emphysema

Front 31

___________ is a restrictive lung disease where they have bery little capacity to heal

Back 31

fibrosis

Front 32

a collapsed lung is also known as

Back 32

pneumothorax

Front 33

90% of airway resistance is due to _______ and _______

Back 33

trachea and bronchi

Front 34

___________ diameter is adjustable and controls airway resistance

Back 34

bronchiole

Front 35

________________ increases resistance and decreases amount of fresh air to alveoli

Back 35

bronchoconstriction

Front 36

co2 increasing is (bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation)

Back 36

bronchoconstriction

Front 37

histamine from mast cells is is (bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation)

Back 37

bronchoconstriction

Front 38

parasympathetic neurons are is (bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation)

Back 38

bronchoconstriction

Front 39

beta 2 receptors, epinephrine is is (bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation)

Back 39

bronchodilation

Front 40

normal quiet breathing

Back 40

eupnea

Front 41

increased respiratory rate and or volume in response to increased metabolism is

Back 41

hyperpnea

Front 42

increased respiratory rate and or volume without increased metabolism is

Back 42

hyperventilation

Front 43

decreased alveolar ventilation is

Back 43

hypoventilation

Front 44

rapid breathingl usually increased respiratory rate with decreased depth

Back 44

tachypnea

Front 45

difficulty breathing is

Back 45

dyspnea

Front 46

cessation of breathing is

Back 46

apnea

Front 47

The proportion of dead space ventilation (constant) decreases as tidal volume ___________

Back 47

increases

Front 48

__________ is the bulk movement of gas

Back 48

ventilation

Front 49

______________ is the bulk movement of blood

Back 49

perfusion

Front 50

The ultimate goal ofmoving all this airand gas around is

Back 50

gas exchange

Front 51

___________ is much more soluble than oxygen

Back 51

carbon dioxide

Front 52

The solubility of gases in liquidsdepends upon what two things

Back 52

partial pressure

solubility

Front 53

gas exchange in lungs is driven by

Back 53

pressure gradients between alveoli and venous pulmonary blood

Front 54

A critical indicator of respiratoryfunction is the

Back 54

arterial blood Po2

Front 55

low levels of oxygen are ___________

Back 55

hypoxia

Front 56

low arterial Po2 is called

Back 56

hypoxemia

Front 57

high levels of arterial Po2 is called

Back 57

hypercapnia

Front 58

what is asthma

Back 58

increased airway resistance decreases airway ventilation

Front 59

The difference in the amount of CO2 produced vs. the O2 consumed is called the

Back 59

RespiratoryQuotient

Front 60

heart pumps about __ liters of blood/min at rest.

Back 60

5

Front 61

what is hemoglobins most important attribute

Back 61

its ability to hold O2 reversibly asshown by its oxygen dissociationcurve

Front 62

blood is(less/more)acidic at level ofrespiring tissues

Back 62

more

Front 63

what is the meaning of fetal Hb having a greater affinity for oxygen than adult Hb

Back 63

it can unload oxygen from maternal Hb across the placenta

Front 64

______ levels are more sensitive to the rate ofbreathing than ___

Back 64

CO2

O2

Front 65

CO2 levels matter profoundly because CO2 represents an acid load in the body andthus affects our

Back 65

acid-base state

Front 66

the ____________ _________________ in the medulla sense CO2 via pH.

Back 66

central chemoreceptors

Front 67

CO2 moves freelyacross membranes,but ________acidand __ do not

Back 67

carbonic

H+

Front 68

Specialized _________ cells sense PO2 and PCO2 in the carotid and aortic bodies

Back 68

glomus

Front 69

______________________________ an result fromhypoxic drive overriding CO2-mediated ventilatory control

Back 69

acute mountain sickness

Front 70

what happens as a result of breathing more to get the O2 in acute mountain sickness

Back 70

Co2 levels decrease, resulting in respiratory alkalosis

Front 71

Respiratory Alkalosis possible causes

Back 71

pain

hysteria

hypoxia

Front 72

respiratory acidosis possible causes

Back 72

COPD, CHF and other lung diseases

anesthetics and drugs

Front 73

metabolic alkalosis possible causes

Back 73

over ingestion of bases

loss of acid

Front 74

metabolic acidosis possible causes

Back 74

loss of base

gain of acid

RTA