Respiration

Front 1

Glucose catabolism

Back 1

Degradation of glusose

Two steps: glycolysis and cellular respiration

Front 2

Glycolysis

Back 2

-Breaks down glucose into:

2 molecules of pyruvate
2 molecules of ATP
2 molecules of NADH

Front 3

Fermentation

Back 3

Glycolysis during anaerobic conditions

-NAD+ has to be recycled when there is no O2. Do this by reducing pyruvate into ethanol or lactic acid

Front 4

Cellular Respiration

Back 4

Yields 36-38 ATP (vs. 2 ATP through glycolysis)

-Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons, so it is an aerobic process.

There are three stages:
1. Pyruvate decarboxylation
2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)
3. Electron Transport Chain

Front 5

Pyruvate decarboxylation

Back 5

Pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria, where it is decarboxylated

Front 6

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

Back 6

-For each molecule of glucose, you get two pyruvates, so:

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP are generated

Front 7

Electron Transport Chain

Back 7

Completed inside the inner mitochondrial membrane

-ATP is produced when high-energy potential electrons are transferred from NADH to FADH2 to oxygen by a series of carrier molecules.

Front 8

Total Energy Production:

Back 8

-Substrate Level Phosphorylation = 4 ATP


-oxidative Phosphorylation = 32 ATP


TOTAL - 36

Front 9

Alternate Energy Sources

Back 9

-When glucose is low, the body will use other carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, in that order.

-It converts it to glucose or glucose intermediates, then degrade them.

Front 10

Carbohydrates

Back 10

Disaccharides are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides, which can be converted to glucose

Front 11

Fats

Back 11

-They are hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol and can be carried by the blood to other tissues.

Fats yield the greatest number of ATP per gram

Front 12

Proteins

Back 12

-Amino acids undergo a transamination reaction

Front 13

Respiratory Path

Back 13

Nose --> pharynx(lungs) --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles -->alveoli

-Gas exchange between lungs and circulatory system takes place across the alveol, air-filled sacs.

Front 14

Control of ventilation (exhalation and inhalation)

Back 14

-Regulated by medulla

Front 15

pulmonary capillaries

Back 15

-minute blood vessels that surround the alveoli.

-Gas exchange occurs by diffusion across these walls and those of the alveoli

-Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood

-CO2 diffuses from blood into lungs to be exhaled