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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the structures included in the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
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-nasal cavity
-pharynx -larnynx -trachea -primary bronchioles -secondary bronchioles -bronchioles -terminal brinchioles |
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What are the structures that are contained in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
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-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts -alveoli |
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What is the difference in function of the conduction portion and the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
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-the conducting portion bring air into the lungs and the respiratory portion is used for gas exchange.
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What type of epithelium can be found in the CONDUCTING portion of the respiratory system?
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Respiratory epithelium --> pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia & goblet cells.
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What are the 3 types of cells would you find in the mucosa of the CONDUCTING portion of the epithelium?
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-Goblet cells
-Brush cells (w/numerous microvilli): act as sensory receptors -Neuroendocrine cells: |
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What structures can be found within the lamina propria of the CONDUCTING PORTION of the respiratory system.
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-well vascularized
-many longitudinally arranged elastic fibers |
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What can be found in the deepest layer of the mucosa of the CONDUCTING portion of the respiratory system?
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-An elastic lamina (w/ longitudinally arranged elastic fibers)
-muscularis mucosa -Or neither -- this layer may be lacking |
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What are the 2 structures that can be found within the submucosa of the CONDUCTING portion of the respiratory system?
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-vasculature
-mixed glands (serous & mucous) |
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What are the layers that make up the CONDUCTING portion of the respiratory system?
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-Mucosa -- respiratory epithelium
-lamina propria -Deepest layer of the mucosa w/ either muscularis mucosa, an elastic lamina, or neither. -Submucosa - mixed glands -Cartilage/Bone -Adventitia |
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As you move from extrapulmonary to alveoli, what changes happen to the layers of the respiratory system?
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-The layers become thinner as the diameter decreases.
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What happens to epithelium as you move closer to the alveoli?
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-The height decreases from pseudostratified columnar --> simple columnar -->simple squamous (at alveolar level)
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What happens to cartilage as you move closer to the alveoli?
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-decreases in size
-breaks up into plates |
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Where does cartilage stop along the respiratory pathway?
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bronchioles
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Where do mixed glands stop along the respiratory pathway?
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bronchioles
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What type of epithelium is found on the alveoli? What is in the CT core of the alveoli composed of?
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simple squamous
-reticular and elastic fibers & numerous capillaries |
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What is the first component of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? Describe the transition in epithelium within the VESTIBULE.
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-nasal cavity
-From epidermis with hairs to repiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cillia) |
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What structure works to maintain the patency within the nasal fossae?
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- cartilage & bone
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What type of neurons are the olfactory cells? Describe their structure (where does it project to and terminate). What is an olfactory vesicle?
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-bipolar neurons; each neuron posses a single dendrite that extends to the surface and terminates into a swelling called a olfactory vesicle
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What is remarkable about the cilia found on the epithelium in the olfactory region? What is their function?
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-cilia are non-motile
-they increase surface area & respond to odors |
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What structure is not present in the mucosa of the the olfactory region, and how does this change the structure of the mucosa?
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-muscularis mucosa
-the lamina propria blends with the submucosa to form a single layer. |
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Where are Bowman's glands found? What is the function of these glands?
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In the respiratory epithelium-- in the layer formed from the joining of the lamina propria & the submucosa
-these are serous glands whose serous secretions flush odorants from the epithelial surface. |
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What is the function of the bones found in the olfactory region?
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-they maintain patency
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What type of epithelium makes up the mucosa of the larynx?
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-pseudostratified epithelium with cilia & goblet cells
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What type of epithelium is found on the vocal folds and the epiglottis? Why does it make sense for this type of epithelium to cover this area?
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-moist stratified squamous covers this area --there is alot of friction here.
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The ____________ is missing from the mucosa of the larynx. How does this affect the structure of the mucosa?
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-No muscularis mucosa, so the lamina propria blends with the submucosa.
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__________ glands are found in the submucosa except in the ____________.
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mixed; true vocal fold
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What is the function of cartilage found in the larynx? What type of cartilage is found here?
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-maintains patency & supports the vocal apparatus
-hyaline cartilage |
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What type of cartilage is found on the epiglottis?
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Elastic
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What are the larger cartilages?
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-epiglottis
-cricoid -thyroid |
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What is the vocal apparatus?
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-two pairs of horizontal mucosal folds located on the lateral wall of the larynx
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Describe the arrangement of the false & true vocal folds?
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the false vocal fold is more superior, there is a space called the ventricle, then the true vocal folds.
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What is the difference in the mucosa of the false vocal fold & the typical respiratory pathway?
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-the false vocal fold mucosa is lacking the deepest layer of the mucosa (NO elastic lamina or muscularis mucosa)
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What type of epithelium makes up the false vocal fold? What type covers the true vocal fold?
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-false is pseudostratified epithelium
-true is stratified squamous & its lamina propria |
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The vocal ligament and the vocalis muscle are structure found in the ___________ vocal fold. What are their functions?
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-TRUE vocal fold
-vocal ligament -- DRCT which keeps the rim of the fold taut -vocalis m. --skeletal muscle; alters the shape of the vocal fold & aids in phonation. |
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Describe the epithelium found in the mucosa of the trachea and primary bronchi.
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-pseudostratified with cilia and goblet cells with a very prominent basement membrane.
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Describe the layers found in the mucosa.
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epithelium --> lamina propria --> elastic lamina or muscularis mucosa or neither--> submucosa --> cartilage/bone --> adventitia
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What is found within the lamina propria of the TRACHEA/PRIMARY BRONCHI?
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Longitudinally arranged elastic fibers
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What type of glands are found within the submucosa of the trachea/primary bronchi?
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-Mixed glands & abundant blood vessels
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What is the purpose of the cartilage of the trachea? What is the function of the trachealis muscle?
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They maintain the patency & support the vocal apparatus
-interconnects the open ends of the tracheal rings |
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What are the first intrapulmonary structure surrounded by alevoli?
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-the secondary bronchi
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What structures do the secondary bronchi supply? What distinguishes the left and right lung?
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-The L and R lung
-The 3 lobes of the R lung and 2 lobes of the L lung. |
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Describe the epithelium found in the mucosa of the secondary bronchi.
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-pseudostratified with cilia and goblet cells
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What is found in the lamina propria? What is found in the layer below the lamina propria of the secondary bronchi?
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-numerous longitudinally arranged elastic fibers
-below the lamina propria is the muscularis mucosa of smooth muscle in criss-crossed bands |
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What is a histological marker that we have reached the bronchioles?
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The disappearance of glands and cartilage
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What is found in the submucosa of the secondary bronchi?
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-mixed glands
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What maintains the patency of the secondary bronchi?
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-hyaline cartilage
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What type of epithelium lines the bronchioles?
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pseudostratified columnar with cilia & goblet cells
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Describe the epithelium transfer that occurs in the bronchioles.
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-Larger bronchioles have pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells & smaller bronchioles have simple columnar with NO goblet cells.
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What is the function of Clara cells? Where are they located? Describe the appearance of these cells.
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-possess secretory granules whose contents assist in lowering the surface tension of the terminal bronchioles, thus aiding inspiration.
-found on TERMINAL bronchioles -these cells are tall, domed shaped, non-ciliated cells |
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What is found in the lamina propria? what is beneath the lamina propria in the bronchioles, and what is remarkable about theis area?
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-longitudinally arranged elastic fibers
-muscularis mucosa - the greatest development of smooth muscle in relation to the thickness of the pathway. |
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Describe the arrangement of the submucosa and the adventitia?
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these layers are fused because there is no cartilage or bone to support bronchioles.
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What is the primary function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
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-gas exchange of the alveoli
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What is the structural relationship of alveoli to the respiratory bronchioles?
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the alevoli are a buldge of the respiratory bronchioles -- kinda continuous
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Describe the makeup of the mucosa of the respiratory bronchioles.
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-epithelium -- simple cuboidal, with sparse cilia and & Clara cells
-lamina propria -- w/ elastic fibers -muscularis mucosa -- smooth m. |
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How are alveolar ducts formed?
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-a collection of alveoli (therefore decreasing the amount of the wall that is present). --look like knobs
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What are the walls of the alveolar ducts composed of? What structures are found within the walls of the knobs?
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-simple cuboidal epithelium
-elastic lamina and smooth muscle |
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What are alveolar sacs?
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Two are more alveoli that bulge from a single pair of "knobs"
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What epithelium is found along the alveoli?
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pulmonary epithelium -- type 1 cell --simple squamous epithelium (lines 95% of the alveoli)
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What is the primary function of the type II cell? Which other cell does this function?
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-to produce surfactant (to lower surface tension
-the Clara cell |
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What are the microvilli on the type II cells used for?
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-they bulge into the alveolar space
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What is the function of surfactant in inspiration and expiration?
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-inspiration --decrease the surface tension, aiding in the inflation of the alveoli.
-expiration -- prevent the collapse of the alveoli |
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What is surfactant made of?
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film of phospholipidsthat covers an underlying aqueous hypophase.
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When does surfactant begin to appear? What is the result of absense or insufficiency
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-appears during the last weeks of gestation
-absense/insufficiency --respiratory distress syndrome or hyaline membrane disease in infants born prematurely |
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How do alveolar macrophages play a role in congestive heart failure?
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-with congestive heart failure, the RBC's pass into the alveolar space & are phagotized by the macrophages ("heart failure" cells)
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What is the function of Kohn's pores? How can they play a role in the spread of bacteria?
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-small openings in the interalveolar septum btw neighboring alveoli with aid in equalizing interalveolar pressure. Allow the movement of bacteria between alveoli.
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What is the air-blood barrier?
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-barrier through which gases pass
-differentiates capillary lumen from alveolar space |
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What is the composition of the air-blood barrier?
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-pulmonary endothelial cells with its basal lamina is fused with the capillary endothelium and its basal lamina.
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The pulmonary artery runs adjacent to the _____________ and supplies ________ blood to __________.
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-pulmonary artery runs adjacent to the bronchial tree & supplies deoxygenated blood to the pulomary capillaries. Comparable in size to their respiratory passageways.
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What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
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- carry oxygenated blood away from the respiratory passageways
-travel alone in the respiratory parenchyma |
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Alveolar capillaries anastomose to form ___________?
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the pulmonary vein
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Bronchial circulation provides __________ blood to _________?
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Oxygenated blood to the walls of the bronchial passageways; the vessels lie within the walls of the pasageways they supply.
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Where is the last place that you will see cilia along the respiratory tract?
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-the beginning of the respiratory bronchioles.
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What structure stops at the respiratory bronchioles instead of just the bronchioles?
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The cilia stop at the RESPIRATORY bronchioles
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What are the components of the OLFACTORY region of the nasal cavity?
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Vestibule
Nasal fossae |
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Where is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity located?
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In the posterior superior portion of the nasal fossae that extends above the superior conchae and extends down over the nasal septum.
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Where do goblet cells stop?
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They are present on the larger bronchioles but not on the smaller ones.
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What is the difference in epithelium of the true vocal fold & the false vocal fold?
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True vocal fold & epiglottis = moist stratified squamous
False vocal fold= pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia & goblet cells |
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What accessory structures are associated with the TRUE vocal folds? What are their functions?
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-Vocalis muscle - allows the true vocal folds to move and assists in phonation
-vocalis m. - connects the open areas & keeps them taut. |
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What structure lies between the true & false vocal folds?
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The ventricle
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The vocal apparatus is composed of two sets of folds in the ________ walls of the _________.
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lateral walls of the larynx
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What to regions of the respiratory system are histologically identical?
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the trachea & the primary bronchi
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What muscle is found in the trachea? What is its function?
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Trachealis muscle - connects the open areas of the trachea
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