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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiration (two types)
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- External respiration
--> entrance of air into lungs and the gas exchange between alveoli and blood - Internal respiration --> exchange of gas between blood and cells and the intracellular process of respiration. |
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Cellular respiration
(respiration vs photosynthesis) what is favored fuel molecule type(s)? |
- Photosynthesis
--> converts the energy of sun to chem energy - Respiration --> conversion of chemical energy into energy form needed for living cells. --- carbs and fats |
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Glucose catabolism
(3 parts) |
- Glycolysis
- Cellular Respiration - Total Energy Production |
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Glycolysis: 1. Glycolytic Pathway
key parts ATP distribution? |
- net is glucose ---> 2 pyruvate + ATP + NADH
- all occur in CYTOPLASM - 2 used, 4 made = 2 ATP NET GAIN |
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Glycolysis: 2. Fermentation
key parts what is needed for glycolysis to work without 02? ATP distribution |
- Alcohol Fermentation
--> pyruvate >>> ethanol - Lactic acid Fermentation --> pyruvate >>> lactic acid (occurs in muscles when lack of 02) -NAD+ is needed if no 02 - 2 ATP gain |
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Cellular Respiration
3 parts |
- Pyruvate decarboxylation
- krebs cycle - ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) |
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Pyruvate Decarboxylation
where does the decarboxylation occur? |
- pyruvate goes from cytoplasm to mitochondria
- creation of NADH from NAD+ - pyruvate ---> Acetyl CoA |
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CAC (Krebs Cycle)
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- Acetyl CoA (2C) + Oxaloacetate (4C) = Citrate (6C)
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What is produced each turn of Kreb Cycle (in terms of energy carriers)?
how many Acetyl CoA's enter the krebs cycle for each Glucose? |
- 3 NADH
- 1 ATP - 1 FADH2 - 2 ACoA's, so double the energy carrier produced for total for 1 Glucose. |
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ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) location?
- important e- carriers? what are they similar to? final e- acceptor? |
- occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane.
- cytochromes carry e-, similar active site to hemoglobin. - O2 is final e- acceptor. |
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TEP (Total Energy Produced)
2 types of energy production |
- substrate level phosphorylation
- oxidative phosphorylation |
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Substrate Level Phosphorylation (SLP) (For 1 Glucose)
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- Glycolysis (Glucose->2Pyruvate) = 2 ATP
- 2 turns of CAC (2ACoA->2oxaloac) = 2 ATP SLP NET = 4 ATP |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP) CAC (For 1 Glucose)
energy carrier to ATP conversion? |
- CAC
-> 6 NADH 1 NADH -> 3 ATP -> 2 FADH2 1 FADH2 -> 2 ATP |
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OP Total (including Glycolysis and Pyruv decarb)
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OP NET
- Glycolysis -> 2 NADH -> 4 ATP - other 8 NADH -> 24 ATP - 2 FADH2 -> 4 ATP OP NET -> 32 ATP |
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SLP + OP = TEP
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4 SLP + 32 OP = 36 ATP NET
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Alternate Energy sources??
3 types |
- Carbohydrates
- Fat - Proteins |
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Carbohydrates
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- Glycogen stored in liver
- Disaccharides -> monosaccharides -> glucose/glycolytic interm. |
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Fats
what enzyme breaks them down for energy? what is the product(s)? what carries products to the energy needing tissue? what glycolytic intermediate can glycerol be converted into? |
- Triglycerides
- lipase hydrolyze triglycer. into fatty acids and glycerol - blood carrie sthe f.a.'s and glycerol to the tissues. - glycerol can be converted into PGAL |
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Fatty acid pathway after being created?
what circuit is part of the is pathway? what is the end product? |
1. F.A. activated in cytoplasm (2 ATP cost)
2. transferred to mitochondrion 3. goes through B-oxi cycles to create a bunch of (2C) ACoA's 4. these ACoA's enter CAC, thus producing 1 NADH and 2 FADH2 per round. |
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Proteins
two break down types |
- transamination reaction
- oxidative deamination |
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Transamination reaction
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- A.A. takes ketone group, loses amino group
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Oxidative deamination
- whats up with ammonia? |
- ammonia removed directly from A.A, becomes keto acid.
- ammonia poisonous to vertebrates. |
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what happens to carbons of A.A.?
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- converted to glycolytic intermediates (ACoA, pyruvate, other CAC intermed.)
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Photosynthesis
- 2 reaction types what are substrates and products of each type? |
- Light reaction (solar energy -> chemical energy (NADPH))
- Dark reaction (CO2 + H+ -> carbohydrates) |
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Light reaction
two types |
Cyclic
Noncyclic |
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Cyclic e- flow
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1. Photons hit p700, excite e-
2. e- travel down e- carriers 3. redox reactions return e- to p700, ATP produced. |
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Noncyclic e- flow
part 1 |
1. Photons hit p700, excite e-
2. travel down same e- carriers 3. transferred to NADP+ 4. NADPH is formed 5. p700 left with e- holes, good oxidizing agent |
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Noncyclic e- flow
part 2 |
1. p680 hit by photons, e- excited
2. e- travel down same e- carriers as cyclic, ATP produced. 3. e- fill p700 holes |
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Dark Reactions
whats another name for these reactions what cycle is involved in this reaction what is the end product? how many times does cycle take to complete product? |
- carbon fixation or reduction synthesis.
- CO2 enters Calvin cycle. - PGAL is end product, must cycle 3 times to create it. |
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What is prime end product of photosynthesis
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- PGAL is prime end product
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Respiration in invertebrates
3 phylums listed |
- Cnidaria
- Annelida - Arthopoda |
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Cnidaria respiration
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- every cell in contact with external environment
- simple diffusion |
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Annelida respiration
terrestrial vs. aquatic annelida |
- mucus provides surface for gas exchange
- respiration through skin (highly vascularized) for terrestrial. - respiration through branchia, via gills or paropodia for aquatic. |
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Arthropoda respiration
what type of circulatory system is this? |
- trachae, access external environment via spiracles
- trachae reach every cell - no oxygen carrier needed - open circulatory system |
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Respiration pathway in humans
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1. nose
2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. trachea 5. bronchi 6. bronchioles 7. alveoli, where gas exchange occurs |
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Human respiration
3 parts |
A. Ventilation
B. Control of Ventilation C. Gas Exchange |
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Ventilation
purpose? 2 parts |
- to take in O2, and to take out CO2
- inhalation/exhalation |
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Inhalation steps
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1. diaphragm contracts (flattens)
2. external intercostal muscles contract 3. rib cage and chest pushed up and out 4. thoracic cavity volume increased 5. decreased pressure in lungs 6. increased lung volume (expands) 7. air fills lungs |
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Exhalation
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-passive process
1. lungs/chest wall recoil to original position 2. diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax 3. decreases thoracic volume 4. increases air pressure 5. decreases lung volume 6. air goes out alveoli. |
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Control of Ventilation
what regulates it? how? what causes it to stimulate contractions more? |
- The Medulla Oblongata regulates ventilation
- The Med. Oblong. gives off rythmic signals that stimulate diaphragm and intercostal contractions. - when there is increased pP of CO2, increases action of Med. Oblongata. |
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Gas Exchange
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1. oxygen diffuses from alveolar air to blood
---- problem! water barrier, HIGH surface tension 2. Solution! alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant, breaks surface tension by coating alveolar walls. 3. Gas exchange increased = better lung elasticity. |
