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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three functions of Respiration
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1) ventilation of the lungs/breathing
2) the exchange of gases b/w air and blood + b/w blood and tissue fluid 3) the use of oxygen in cellular metabolism |
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Respiration System
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an organ system that rhythmically takes in air and expels if from the body thereby supplying the body with oxygen an expelling carbon dioxide
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Principal Organs of the Respiration System
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1) Nose
2) Pharynx 3) Larynx 4) Trachea 5) Bronchi 6) Lungs |
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Airflow in the lungs
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Bronchi to Bronchioles to alveoli
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Conducting Division
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Only for Airflow
- nostrils through major bronchioles |
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Respiration Division
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Alveoli and other distal gas exchange regions
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Upper Respiratory Tract
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Head/Neck
Nose-larynx |
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Lower Respiratory Tract
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Trachea-lungs
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3 Functions of the Nose
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1) Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
2) Detects ordors 3) Resonating chamber that ampifies the voice |
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Nose
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Shaped by bone and Cartilage
Extends from the nostrils to the posterior nares |
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Ala Nasi
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Flared portion at lower end of the nose; made of alar cartilage and dense connective tissue
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The Hard Palate
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separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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Guard Hairs
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Stiff hair that is located just inside the nose, its job is to keep bugs and debris from entering
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Nasal Conchae
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3 folds of tissue (superior, middles, and inferior) in the nose that enables the nose to warm, cleanse and humidify the air more effectively
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Meatuses
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narrow passageways located beneath each conchae that force the air to come in contact with the mucos, the mucus is what filters, and warms/humidifies the air passing through
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Olfactory Epithelium
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lines the roof of the nasal fossa and has immobile cilia to bind odor molecules
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Respiratory Epithelium
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lines the rest of the nasal fossa and has mobile cilia and goblet cells. The goblet cells secrete mucous that engulfs bacteria and then is either swallowed or pushed through the digest tract avoiding the lungs
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Erectile Tissue
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located in the inferior conchae, it swells in one side every 30 to 60 minutes to keep the fossa from drying out
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pharynx
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muscular funnel extending from the choanae to the larynx, it includes the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
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Nasopharynx
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-Pseudostratified Epithelium
-recieves the auditory tubes and houses the phayngeal tonsil -passes only air - air passing through here must make a 90 degree turn, large particles can not make this turn w/ the air and get stuck in the mucosa lining the tonsils |
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Oropharynx
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-stratified squamous epithelium
-pases air, food, and drink -lies b/w soft palate and roof of tongue -houses the palatine and lingual tonsils |
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Larygopharynx
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-Stratified squamous epi
-passes, food, drink, and air -this is where the esophagus begins -hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage |
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larynx
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-cartilaginous chamber mades up of 9 cartilages
-primary function to keep food and drink out of airway -secondary function role in sound production |
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Epiglottis
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Flap of tissue at the superior end of the epiglottis that directs food and drink to the esophagus
- vertical at rest - during swallowing epi is pulled up and pushed to close airway |
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Thyroid Cartilage
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- the largest larynx cartilage
- the anterior peak is the laryngeal prominence and it forms the adams apple, testosterone stimulates this growth |
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The cartilages that make up the voice box
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1) Thyroid cartilage
2) Cricoid cartilage |
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Cartilages that function in speech
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1) arytenoid cartilage
2) corniculate cartilage |
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Extrinsic Muscles
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connect the larynx to the hyoid bone and elevate the larynx during swallowing
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Intrinsic Muscles
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-operates the vocal cords
- rotates teh corniculate and the arytenoid cartilages |
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Adducted Vocal Cords
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Produces a high pitched sound
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Abducted Vocal Cords
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loosens and produces a low pitched sound
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Vestibule Folds
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- superior folds
- close the glottis during swallowing - play no role in speech |
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Vocal Cords
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-inferior folds
- produce sound when air passes between them -stratified squamous epithelium |
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Glottis
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The vocal cords and the opening between them
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Difference between adult male vocal cords and female
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they are
-longer -thicker -vibrate more slowly -lower pitched sounds |
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How are words formed?
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They are not formed from the crude words of the larynx, but from the actions of the pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lips
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Trachea
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also known as the wind pipe
- supported by 16 to 20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
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Trachealis
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smooth muscle that spans opening in c ring
- adjusts to airflow by expanding and contracting |
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Mucociliary Escolator
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Debris removal in the trechea
- muscos traps particles, cilia beats the mucus upwards to the pharynx where it is swallowed |
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Carnia
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located at the end of the trachea, directs airflow to the right and left bronchi
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Differences between the left and right lung
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Righ: 3 lobes, shorter bc the liver rises higher
Left: 2 lobes, narrower due to the heart |
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Bronchial Tree
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Branching system of air tubes extending from the main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal bronchioles
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Differences between teh right and left primary bronchus
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Right: slightly wider, inhaled objects often lodge here
- has 3 lobar Left: longer and narrower, and only has two lobar |
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Bronchopulmonary Segment
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a functionally independent unit of lung tissue
The Right lung has 10 segmental bronchi The left lunch has 8 segmental bronchi |
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Structural Differences b/w main bronchi, segmental, and lobar
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The main bronchi has c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage and the lobar and segmental are overlapping cresent shaped cartilages
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Bronchioles
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are continuations of the airway that lack supportive cartilage
-ciliated cuboidal epi |
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Pulmonary Lobe
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the portion of the long that is ventilated by one bronchiole
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Terminal Bronchioles
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the final brances of the conducting division and each bronchiole divides into 50 to 80 terminal bronchioles, no mucous glands or goblet cells, however there are cilia
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Respiratory Bronchioles
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beginning of the respiratory division, each terminal bronchiole gives off to two or more and they have alveoli in their walls
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alveolar ducts
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each respiratory bronchiole divides into 2 to 10 elongated thin walled passages
they have alveoli in their walls |
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Alveolar sacs
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the end of the ducts
- the grape like clusters of alveoli arrayed around an atrium |
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Conducting division
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nasal cavity
pharynx trachea main bronchus lobar bronchus segmental bronchus bronchiole terminal bronchiole |
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Respiratory Division
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all have alveoli- gas exchange
respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct atrium alveolus |
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Alveoli
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each human is composed of 150 million, they are for gas exchange
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Great Alveolar Cells (type 2)
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5% of alveolar cells
repair alveolar epi secret pulmonary surfactant |
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Surfactant
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mixture of phospholipids and proteins
coats the alveoli and bronchioles and prevents them from collapsing during expiration |
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Respiratory Membrane
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b/w air and blood
consists of squamous epi alveolar cells and squamous epi cell and basement membrane |
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Pleural Cavity
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space between visceral and parietal pleurae
continas thin film of parietal fluid and is a potential space |
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3 functions of pleurae and fluid
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1) reduction of friction
2) creation of pressure gradient - pleural p lower than atmosphere 3) compartmentalization |
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Respiration Cycle
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1 complete inspiration and expiration
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quiet respiration
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normal breathing, no conscious effort
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Forced respiration
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deep or rapid breathing during exercise or singing
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diaphragm
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prime mover of ventilation
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Scalenes
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holds ribs 1 and 2 stationary
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External and internal intercostal muscles
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stiffens thoracic cage during respiration and help to increase diameter in the thoracic cage
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Muscles used for Forced inspiration
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1) Pectoralis major
2) Sternocleidomastoid 3) erector spinae muscle |
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Muscles used in forced expiration
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Used when singing, coughing, or sneezing
1) adominals 2) Latissimus dorsi |
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Cerebral Control
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allows us to inhale and exhale at will
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Reticular Formation of the Medulla and Pons
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3 pairs of respiratory centers that control autonomic unconscious cycle of breathing
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VRG
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Primary generator of Respiratory Rhythm
- inspiration neurson fire during inspiration -Expiration Neurons fire during forced expiration |
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DRG
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Integration center
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Central Chemoreceptors
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monitor the ph of the CSF located in the medulla
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Peripheral Chemorecepors
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they monitor the ph, CO2, and O2 levels in the blood
- Aortic Bodies- vagus to medulla - Carotid Bodies: gloss to vagus |
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Irritant Receptors
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Located in the mucosa and results in bronchoconstriction and coughing
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Stretch Receptors
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located in the airway and inflation Reflex....excessive inflation triggers reflex and stops inspiration
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Pons
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controls how fast and how much
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Pneumotoxic
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located in the pons, causes faster and shallower breathing
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Apneustic
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located in the pons- prolongs inspiration and breathing becomes shallower and deeper
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Breaking Point
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when the CO2 levels rise too high, such as when someone is holding their breath and the autonomic controls override
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Boyles Law
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increase in volume =
decrease in pressure Therfore when intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric, air flows into lungs |
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Charles Law
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when Temperaturer increases, Volume increases
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pneumothorx
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the presence of air in the plural cavity (Bad) causes lungs to recoil and collapse
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Atelectasis
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the collapse of all or part of the lung
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What Governs Resistance
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1) diameter of bronchioles
2) Pulmonary Compliance- ease with which lungs expand 3) Surface tension of the alveoli and distal bronchioles |
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Bronchiodilation
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increases airflow
- epinephrine and sympathetic nerves (norepinephrine) |
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Bronchoconstriction
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Decreases airflow
- histamine and parasympathetic nerves (acetylcholine), or cold air and chemical irritants |
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What disrupts H+ Bonds and Reduces Surface Tension
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Surfactant
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Anatomical dead space
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air that enters the conducting division and never enters the respiratory division about 150 ml
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Physiological dead space
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the sum of anatomical and any pathological dead space
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Alveolar ventilation Rate
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ml/breath * breaths/min
350ml/breath * 12 breaths = 4,200 ml/min |
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Tidal Vol
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500 Ml air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle
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IRV
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3,000 max air inhaled
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ERV
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1,200 exhauled with max
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Rv
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1,300 air remaining in lungs after max exhale
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VC
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ERV + TV + IRV
typically about 4,700 |
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MRV
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TV * Breaths/min
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Eupnea
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relaxed quiet breathing about 500 TV and 12 to 15 breaths/min
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Daltons Law
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total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the individual gases
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Alveolar differs form atmosphere
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1) it is humidified, PH2O is 10 times higher
2) Air is diluted, fresh mixes with residual 3) Exchanges 02 with CO2 in blood |
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Henrys Law
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increase Temp = decrease in solubility
the colder the liquid the more gas that dissolves |
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Oxygen
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98.5% is bound to hemoglobin
1.5% dissolved in blood |
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Oxyhemoglobin
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1 or more molecules of O2 bound to hemoglobin
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Deoxyhemoglobin
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hemoglobin with no oxygen
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Co2 Transport
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1) Carbonic Acid
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 + H+ 2) Carbiminohemoglobin Hb + CO3 -> HbCO2 3) the remaining is dissolved in |
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law of laplace
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alveolar gas exchange
the smaller the diameter/radius = increase in chance of collapse, gas goes to bigger Surfactant is why this does not happen |
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Bohr Effect
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increase CO2 in tissues, more O2 is released from Hb
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Haladane Effect
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low HbO2 cause blood to transport more CO2
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Minute Volume
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total lung ventilation
vol of breath (500ml) * breaths/min(12) = 6000ml/min |
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dead space Vol
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typically 150 ml
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Dead space ventilation
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dead space vol * respiratory rate
150ml * 12b/min = 1800ml/min |
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Alveolar Ventilation
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Minute Vol - Dead space Ventilation
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