Resp.

Front 1

3 functions of resp. system

Back 1

1. provides for gas exchange: intake of o2 for delivery to body cells and removal of co2 produced by body cells

2. help regulate blood pH

3. contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds (phonation) and excretes small amounts of water and hear

Front 2

repisation

Back 2

-exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and cells

Front 3

combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur

Back 3

1. ventilation(breathing)

2. external(pulmonary) respiration

3. internal(tissue) respiration

Front 4

the cardiovascular system assists the respiratory system by _________________

Back 4

transporting gases

Front 5

upper resp.

Back 5

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures

Front 6

lower resp.

Back 6

larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Front 7

two parts of resp. system

Back 7

conducting zone and respiratory zone

Front 8

conducting zone

Back 8

consists of a series of inter-connecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs

Front 9

parts of conducting zone

Back 9

-nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

Front 10

conducting zone function

Back 10

filter, warm and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs

Front 11

respiratory zone

Back 11

tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs

-

Front 12

parts of resp. zone

Back 12

respiratory bornchioles, alveolar duts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Front 13

nose parts

Back 13

1)root

2)apex

3)bridge

4)external nares or nostrils

Front 14

nose- external portion

Back 14

supporting framework- frontal, nasal bones, maxillae and hyaline cartilage(septal lateral and alris)

lined with mucous membrane

Front 15

lateral walls of internal nose are formed by

Back 15

the ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal and conchae bones

-ethmoid bone forms the roof

-palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae(hard palate) forms the floor of the internal nose

Front 16

internal structure of external nose functions

Back 16

1) warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air

2) detecting olfactory stimuli

3) modifying speech vibrations

Front 17

respiratory epithelium

Back 17

pseudostratefied ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells(secrete mucous)

Front 18

hairs in nasal vestibule

Back 18

-filter out large dust particles cilia move the mucous and trapped dust particles toward the pharynx to be swallowed or spit out

Front 19

paranasal sinuses

Back 19

drain mucus into nasal cavity slash resonating chamber for sound

Front 20

nasolacrimal ducts

Back 20

drain tears into nasal cavity

Front 21

conchae and meatuses

Back 21

increase surfce area in the interal nose and prevent dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation

Front 22

inhaled air is warmed by tblood in the ______________

Back 22

capillaries

Front 23

olfactory receptor cells contains _________ but no ________ cells

Back 23

cilia, golbet cells

Front 24

pharynx

Back 24

funnel-shaped tube- internal nares to cricoid cartilage

-passageway for air and food

-resonating chamber for speech sounds

-tonsils, which particpate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders

Front 25

soft palate

Back 25

-forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

-arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx

-lined by mucous membrane

-contains eustachian tubes, tonsil, adenoid

Front 26

larynx

Back 26

-voice box

-passageway that connects pharynx and trachea- midline of the neck anterior to the esophagus and the fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae(C4-C6)

Front 27

glottis

Back 27

consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, the vocal folds(true vocal cords) and rima glottidis

Front 28

arytenoid cartilage

Back 28

influence changes in position and tension of the vocal folds

Front 29

cricoid cartilage

Back 29

hyaline cartilage forms interior wall of larynx

Front 30

epiglottis

Back 30

-large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium, attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage

-trap door- closes over glottis during eating the pharynx and larynx rise

Front 31

thyroid cartilage

Back 31

adams apple consists of two fused plates of of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior awll of the lrynx and give it a triangular shape- present in males and females- larger in males due to the influence of male sex hormones on its growth during puberty

Front 32

rima glottidis

Back 32

space between true vocal cords

Front 33

larynx contains ___________ , which produce ____________ when they vibrate

Back 33

vocal folds, sound

Front 34

superior folds

Back 34

vestibular folds(false vocal cords)

Front 35

inferior folds

Back 35

vocal folds(true vocal cords)

Front 36

vocal folds

Back 36

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium- elastic ligaments stretched beween the rigid cartilages of the larynx(strings on a guitar)

Front 37

laryngeal muscles attach

Back 37

to rigid cartilages and the vocal folds

Front 38

voice production process

Back 38

1) muscles contract and move cartilages(arytenoid)

2) pulls elastic ligaments tight- stretches the vocal cords out into airways so rima glottidis is narrowed

3)contracting and relaxing the muscles varise the tension in the vocal folds, much like loosening or tightening a guitar string

4)air passing thru the larynx vibrates the folds and produces sound waves(phonation) in the pharynx, nose, and mouth

Front 39

variation in pitch related to

Back 39

the tension in the vocal cords

Front 40

the greater th pressure of air, the ___________ the sound produed by the vibrating vocal cords

Back 40

louder

Front 41

laryngitis

Back 41

-inflammation of larynx

-viraléirrittants- swelling prevents vibration results hoaresness, loss of voice

Front 42

pitch

Back 42

-controlled by the tension on the vocal folds

Front 43

vocal cords pulled taut by the muscles

Back 43

vibrate more rapidly, a higher pitch results

Front 44

decreasing muscle tension on vocal cords

Back 44

vibrate more slowly, produce lower-pithced sounds

Front 45

influence of androgens on pitch

Back 45

vocal cords usually thicker and longer in males, therefore vibrate more slowly- lower range of pitch

Front 46

whiispering

Back 46

accomplished by closing all but the posterior portion of the rima glotidis

Front 47

do the vocal cords vibrate during whispering

Back 47

-no, so there is no pitch to whispering

Front 48

sound

Back 48

-originates from the vibration of the vocal cords- other structures make it more recognizable- pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses - resonating chambers- give the voice its human and individual quality

Front 49

vowel sounds

Back 49

by constricting and relaxing the muscles in the wall of pharynx

Front 50

muscles that help enunciate words

Back 50

muscles of face, tongue, lips

Front 51

the ______ and _____________ cartilages of the larynx aid in production of sound

Back 51

arytenoid and cornicualte

Front 52

trachea

Back 52

extends from the layrn to the primary brocnhi

Front 53

layers of trachael wall(deep to superficial

Back 53

1) mucosa

2) submucosa

3) hyaline cartilage

4) adventitia (areolar connective tissue)

Front 54

hyaline cartilage

Back 54

horizontal rings(16-20) letter c

stacked above one another

connected by dense connective tissue. may be felt through skin inferior to the larynx

-open part of eacch c-chaped cartilage ring faces posteriorly toward esophagus, procide a semi-rigid support to maintain patency so that the tracheal wall does not collapse inward

Front 55

trachea

Back 55

windpipie- tubuular passageway for air - 12cm long and 2.5cm wide

Front 56

trachea location

Back 56

anterior to esophagus

extends from the larynx to the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra(T5) (carina)

-dvides into right and left primary bronchi at T5

Front 57

trachea layers

Back 57

epithelial layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and underlying layer of lamina propria that contains elastic and reticular fibers

Front 58

-protection against

Back 58

dust as the membrane lining the nasal cavity and larynx(seromucous glands)

Front 59

fibromuscular membrane (at C cartilag)

Back 59

allow the dimater of the trachea to change subtly during inhalation and exhalation- maintaining efficient airflow

Front 60

bronchi

Back 60

at the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebrae, the trachea branches into a right primary bronchus which enters the right lung and a left primary bronchi which enters the left long

right- 3 branches- 3 lobes of lungs

left- 2 branches

Front 61

bronchi- contain incomplete rings of cartilage

Back 61

macroscopic airways

-lined pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 62

after entering the lungs, the primary bronchi further divid to form __________

Back 62

smaller branches

Front 63

terminal bronchioles

Back 63

contain club(clara) cells (columnar, nonciliated) among epithelial ccelsl

Front 64

clara cells

Back 64

protect against toxins, produce surfactant

Front 65

where does aspirated food go

Back 65

right primary bronchus

-vertical shorter and wider than left

Front 66

as the bronchial tree branches from bronchi to bronchioles, cartilage ________ while smooth muscle ___________

Back 66

decreases, increases

Front 67

bronchiole tree structure changes- particle removal

Back 67

-epithelium of the respiratory membrane removes inhaled particles in two ways :

-mucus produced by golbet cells traps the particles

-cilia move the mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx for removal

-areas with nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium is present, inhaled particles are removed by macrophages

Front 68

bronchial tree- mucous membrane changes

Back 68

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the main bronchi, lobar bronchi, and segmental bronchi

-ciliated simple columar epithelium with some goblet cells in larger bronchioles

-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells in smaller bronchioles

-nonciliated simple cuboidal in terminal bronchioles

Front 69

bronchial tree- cartilage

Back 69

-plates of cartilage gradually replace the incomplete rings of cartilage in main bronchi and finally disappear in the distal bronchioles

-as cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increses

-because there is no supporting cartilage, muscle spasms can close off the air-ways- asthma attack

Front 70

bronchial tree- exercise

Back 70

-activity in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system(ANS) increases

-adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

-result- relaxation of smooth muslc ein the bornchioles, which dilates the airways

-air reaches teh alveoli more quickly, lung ventilation improves

Front 71

parasympatheric division of ANS and mediators of allergic reactions such as histamine

Back 71

-have the opposite effect, causing contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, which results in constriction of distal bronchioles

Front 72

a bronchopulmonary segment is directly supplied by a

Back 72

tertiary(segmental) bronchus

Front 73

bronchopulmonary segment

Back 73

-many small compartments called lobules

-terminal bronchioles subdivide into microscopic branches called respiratory bronchioles

Front 74

each lung is enclosed and protected by a double-layered serous membrane called the ________ ________

Back 74

pleural membrane

Front 75

pleural cavity

Back 75

-small space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

-contains a small amount of lubricating fluid

-fluid reduces friction between the membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing

-pleural fluid also causes the two membranes to adhere

Front 76

pneumothorax

Back 76

pleural cavities fill with air

Front 77

apex of the lungs lies _________ to the medial third of the clavicles

Back 77

superior

Front 78

base of lungs

Back 78

extends from the sixth anteriorly to the spinous process of the tenth thoracic vertebra posteriorly

Front 79

pleura

Back 79

extends to tweltth rib posteriorly

Front 80

do lungs fill thoracic cvity

Back 80

not completely

Front 81

thoracentesis

Back 81

removal of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity- inserting a needle anteriorly through the seventh intercostal space

Front 82

right main bronchus gives rise to

Back 82

three lobar bronchi called the superior, middle and inferior lobar bronchi

Front 83

left main bronchus gives rise to

Back 83

superior and inferior lobar bornchi

Front 84

what fissures does right lung have

Back 84

horizontal and oblique

Front 85

what fissues does let lung have

Back 85

oblique fissue

Front 86

blood supply to lungs

Back 86

-blood enters lungs via the pulmonary arteries(pulmonary circulation) and the bronchial arteries (systemic circulation)

--blood exits the lungs via the pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins

Front 87

vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia

Back 87

diverts blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas

Front 88

corticol influences

Back 88

allow concious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

Front 89

chemoreceptor

Back 89

central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels o2 and co2 and provide input to the respiratory center

Front 90

when the conducting zone ends at the terminal bronchioles, the ________ begins

Back 90

respiratory zone

Front 91

respiratory ____________ begin the respiratory zone

Back 91

bronchioles

Front 92

epithelial lining changes from simple cuboidal to __________ ___________

Back 92

simple squamous

Front 93

microscopic airways

Back 93

respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sacs --> alveoli

Front 94

alveoli

Back 94

-cup-shaped

-lined-simple squamous epithelium with thin elastic basement membrane

Front 95

alveolar sac consists of

Back 95

two or more alveoli that share a common opening

Front 96

exchange of o2 and co2

Back 96

between the air spaes in the lungs and the blood

diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls- form the respiratory membrane

Front 97

respiratory membrane composed of :

Back 97

1. alveolar wall- layer of type 1 and 2 alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages

2. underlying wall- an epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall

3.fused to basement membrane- a capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane

4. capillary endothelium

Front 98

alveolar cells- type 1

Back 98

-numerous

-squamous pulmonary epitheal

-cells are simple squamous epithelial cells that lining the alveolar wall- main site of gas exchange

Front 99

type 2

Back 99

-septal cells between type 1 cells

-contain microvilli, secrete fluid- surface between the cells and the air moist- surfactant lowers the surface tension- prevents collapsing

Front 100

surfacctant important for newborns

Back 100

surface pressure so atmosphere doesn't collapse alveoli- surfactants develop in month 7, premature babies dont have them

Front 101

surfactant

Back 101

reduces surface tension

Front 102

root of lung

Back 102

-near top

Front 103

respiration- 3 steps

Back 103

-pulmonary ventilation

-external(pulmonary) resp

-internal(tissue) resp.

Front 104

pulmonary ventilation

Back 104

-air flows between atmosphere and alveoli of the lungs

Front 105

external(pulmonary) respiration

Back 105

-exchange of gases between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries

-pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2

Front 106

internal (tissue) resp

Back 106

-exchange of gas between blood in capillaries and tissue cells

-consume O2 and give off CO2(cellular resp. )

Front 107

pulmonary ventilation - alternating pressure differences created by _________ and ____________ of resp. muscles force air in or out

Back 107

contraction and relaxation

Front 108

rate of airflow and effort influenced by

Back 108

-alveolar surface tension

-compliance of lungs

-airway resistance

Front 109

air in

Back 109

-pressure inside the lungs lower than air pressure

-before each breath, equal to atmosphere(760mmHG)

Front 110

boyle's law

Back 110

bigger lungs, less pressure( more room)

Front 111

inhalation

Back 111

muscle contraction(main diaphrgram)

Front 112

flow depends on

Back 112

pressure and airway resistance

Front 113

air out

Back 113

pressure inside lungs greater than air pressure

-pressure goes up as size of lung decreases

-exhalation- from elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs

Front 114

inhalation

Back 114

lungs expand, decreases pressure below atmoshphere

Front 115

exhalation

Back 115

lung size decreases, increase pressure above atmopshere

Front 116

normal quite inhalation

Back 116

diaphragm and external intercostals contract

Front 117

normal quite exhalation

Back 117

diaphragm and external intercostals relax, followed by elastic recoil of lungs

Front 118

forceful inhalation

Back 118

diaphragm, sternocleidomastoids, and scalenes contract

Front 119

forceful exhalation

Back 119

internal intercoastals and abdominal muscles contract

Front 120

other factors affecting pulmonary ventilation

Back 120

-surface tension

-elastic recoil

-compliance

Front 121

surface tension

Back 121

-surfactant coats alveoli- prevents pressure

-force in the alveoli which must be overcome to expand the lungs during each inspiration

-premature infants lack surfactant

Front 122

elastic recoil

Back 122

decreases the size of the alveoli during expiration

Front 123

compliance

Back 123

effort required to stretch the lungs and chest wall

Front 124

eupnea

Back 124

normal breathing

Front 125

apnea

Back 125

pauses in breathing

Front 126

dyspnea

Back 126

difficulty breathing/shortness of breath

Front 127

tachypnea

Back 127

fast breathing

Front 128

kussmaul

Back 128

rapid dep breathing associated with acidotic, diabetic ketaacidosis

Front 129

cheyne stokes

Back 129

apnea/deep/fast

Front 130

diaphragmatic breathing

Back 130

infants(nasal 4-6 weeks)

Front 131

tidal volume

Back 131

500mL of air into and out of lungs

Front 132

___% of tidal volume(one breath) gets to _____ zone, remainder stays in ________

Back 132

70, respiratory zone, conducting zone

Front 133

dead space

Back 133

amount that does not exchange in respiratory zone

about your ideal weight in mL( 120lb=120mL of dead space)

Front 134

spirometer

Back 134

measures volume of air exchanged in breathing

Front 135

residual volume

Back 135

remains in lungs after exhalation- alveoli remain slightly expanded

Front 136

COPD people ahve higher ___________

Back 136

residual volume

Front 137

Dalton's Law

Back 137

each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present- partial pressure

Front 138

Henry's Law

Back 138

the higher the partial pressure of a gas the more the gas will stay in a solution- CO2 is greater than O2

Front 139

hyperbaric chamber

Back 139

O2 under pressure- more into blood

Front 140

exhnage of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air and pulmonary blood

Back 140

diffusion

Front 141

external respiration

Back 141

oxygen will diffuse alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries

-co2 moves in opposite direction

Front 142

internal respiration

Back 142

oxygen will diffuse systemic capillaries into the tissue

-co2 moves in the opposite direction

Front 143

oxygen

Back 143

1.5% of O2 dissolved in the plasma

98.5% of O2 carried by hemoglobin

Front 144

carbon dioxide

Back 144

7% dissolved in plasma

23% carried by hemoglobin inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin

70% transported as bicarb. ions

Front 145

gas diffuses from an area where the partial pressure is __________ to an area with ____ partial pressure

Back 145

higher, lower

Front 146

factors affecting the affinity of hemoglobin for

o2

Back 146

oxygen is trapped(bound to hemoglobin usually only 1.5%(in plasma) can diffuse into tissue

Front 147

things that cause oxygen to be released

Back 147

-PO2- greater the saturation- higher increased PO2 in capillaries binds to hemoglobin, lower PO2 in tissues- diffuses into tissue- oxygen is released from hemoglobin with decreased PO2

-pH - more acidic, unloads oxygen

-temp- higher temperature -more O2 released

Front 148

as cardiac output rises, the blood flow to the lungs, called __________________ , increases

Back 148

pulmonary perfusion

Front 149

the O2 diffusing capacity may increase threefold during maximal exercise so there is a greater ______________ avalaible for o2 difusion

Back 149

surface area

Front 150

control of resp.

Back 150

respiratory center, medullary respiratory group, pontine respiratory groupp

Front 151

pontine group

Back 151

plays a role in inhalation and exhalation by changing the basic rhythm

Front 152

normal mechanism for breathing

Back 152

-neural and chemical changes in the blood(O2, CO2, bicarbonate)

-chemoreceptors in the medulla, aorta and carotid (Stimulus to rbeathe is normally driven by CO2 level)

-inspiration depends on chest wall movement and lung expansion

-expiration is dependant on elastic recoil, does not depend on muscle movement

Front 153

cortical influences

Back 153

-allow concious control of respiration that may be needd to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

Front 154

chemoreceptor

Back 154

central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input to the resp. center

Front 155

hypercapnia

Back 155

- a slight increase in PCO2, (and thus H)

-stimulates central chemoreceptors

Front 156

hypoxia

Back 156

O2 deficiency at the tissue elvel

-caused by a low PO2 in arterial blood du eto high altitude, airway obstruction or fluid in the lungs

Front 157

aging results in decreased:

Back 157

-vital capacity

-blood O2 level

-alveolar macrophage activity

-ciliary action of respiratory epithelia

Front 158

elderly people are more suspectible to

Back 158

pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, and other issues

Front 159

smoking

Back 159

-nicotine contricts terminal bronchioles, decreased airflow

-carbon monoxide- binds to hemoglobin

-irritants in smoke caused increased mucus

-irritants in smoke caused increased mucus

-irritants in smoke also inhibit the movement/destry cilia

-leads to destruction of elastic fibers- cause of emphysema