Resp 2 Virus

Front 1

Name 4x Paramyxoviruses:

Back 1

Paramyxoviruses include parainfluenza virus 1-4, respiratory syncytial virus, measles, and mumps viruses.

Front 2

Paramyxovirus and Orthomyxovirus similarties

Back 2

Similarities include the projections from viral particle, envelope, general shape, and a membrane protein for virus assembly.
Both have anti-sense viral RNA ((-) stranded) which can not be replicated by host cellular proteins or translated to form the correct viral proteins
Therefore both paramyxovirus and orthomyxovirus contains their own polymerase.

Front 3

Paramyxovirus and Orthomyxovirus differences

Back 3

Differences include that paramyxovirus has a combination hemagglutinin/neuroaminidase protein and a separate fusion protein, structure of transcriptase complex

Front 4

RSV structure what is unique compared to the rest of the paramyxoviruses?

Back 4

The hemagglutinin/neuroaminidase is replaced by a G surface glycoprotein
The genome structure is the same

Front 5

Paramyxovirus Replication cycle

Back 5

The virus attaches (HN or G protein) and fuses (F protein) with the host cell surface membrane
The virus replicates in the cytoplasm unlike influenza, but the RNA has to go through a positive sense mRNA using viral polymerase
The viral proteins, such as the membrane protein and fusion protein, are made on ribosomes, glycosalated in the Golgi, and then are attached to the cell membrane of the host cell
The viral proteins await the viral nuclear protein complex, also made in the cytoplasm, and bud off the host cell together

Front 6

Parainfluenza viruses 1-4 seenmostly in? causes?

Back 6

Seen in adults children and infants
Causes upper respiratory tract infections (colds with running nose and sore throat), pharyngitis,

Front 7

Parainfluenza 1 and 2 are the leading cause of __ and also sometimes cause __.

Back 7

Type 1 and 2 are the leading causes of croup-laryngotracheobronchits (respiratory obstruction due to swelling), and sometimes pneumonia

Front 8

Parainfluenza type 3 is worst in__ and causes 2x?

Back 8

Type 3 is the worst in children causing pneumonia and bronchiolitis.

Front 9

How do you diagnose parainfluenza?

Back 9

Diagnosis: mostly clinical, can use culture, IFA, ELISA, PCR

Front 10

How do you treat parainfluenza?

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Treatment: supportive, racemic epinephrine,corticosteroids, "shower treatment”, Ribavirin in immunocompromised-not clearly established, Newer agents in development

Front 11

Parainfluenza vaccine?

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Vaccine: none(yet-promising studies in primates, early human trials), reinfection occurs, but results in milder disease

Front 12

Ribavirin is waht kind of drug? how does it work?

Back 12

Ribavirin is a Ribavirin-nucleoside analog
may act by interfering with processing of viral mRNA
Used for parainfluenza, RSV and occasionally for Ad infections

Front 13

What is the structure of an Adenovirus?

Back 13

cubic symmetry, are nonenveloped, and are DNA viruses.
The virus has an icosahedral (20 sided) shape
The fibers and base proteins of the fibers (penton bases) are involved in attachment
There are 51 serotypes in 6 subgroups

Front 14

Adenovirus that infects neonates can get?

Back 14

neonates can develop fatal disseminated infection

Front 15

Infants who get adenovirus?

Back 15

coryza

Front 16

Children who get adenovirus can develop

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upper respiratory tract infections, meningitis, and hemorrhagic cystitis.

Front 17

adenovirus has tissue tropism this means that?

Back 17

; it affects many different tissues with type specificity
Neonates can develop fatal disseminated infection.

Front 18

Adenovirus in young adults or in the military can get?

Back 18

develop acute respiratory disease

Front 19

When adenovirus causes Pharyngoconjunctival fever what is that?

Back 19

Pharyngoconjunctival fever-benign conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, cervical adenitis

Front 20

When adults and children who get adenovirus and develop epidemic keratoconjunctivitis what happens?

Back 20

keratoconjunctivitis-conjunctivitis, preauricular adenitis, corneal opacities-lasts up to 4 weeks, requires referral

Front 21

Immunocomprimised inviduals who getg adenovirus what happens?

Back 21

individuals develop pneumonia and disseminated disease (BMT, solid organ transplant, AIDS )

Front 22

Adenovirus clinical symptoms?

Back 22

Respiratory diseases present with a cough, nasal congestion, discharge, coryza, fever, chills, and headaches.
Generally, infected individuals get pharyngitis and fever with or without conjunctivitis

Front 23

Acute respiratory distress is caused by which adenoviruses?

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Acute respiratory diseases, primarily in military recruits, are caused by adenoviruses 3, 4, 7, 14.

Front 24

What is a less frequent disease of adenovirus?

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pneumonia can be seen
10% of all pneumonias in children are due to Adenovirus

Front 25

Adenovirus diagnosis methods? What are you looking for in histology?

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Diagnosis: Cell Culture, IFA, histology, ELISA
“smudge cell”-basophilic nuclear inclusion obscuring the nucleus

Front 26

Adenovirus treatement?

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Rx: supportive, cidofovir may help.

Front 27

Adenovirus vaccine?

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Vaccination: live attenuated vaccine was given orally to military recruits-stopped in 70's, now Ad is leading cause of febrile respiratory illnesses in military recruits
New vaccine in testing

Front 28

Coronavirus structure?

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Has spike glycoprotein (S) forms a corona-(halo, sun-like) which attaches to cell
Helical +Rna

Front 29

What disease does coronavirus cause?

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Disease-URI/Colds only with highest incidence in the winter- two to four day incubation, six to seven day duration of the cold .

Front 30

What do you use to diagnose coronavirus?

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Diagnosis: Clinical, ELISA, IFA, PCR not usually done

Front 31

What is the treatment for coronavirus?

Back 31

supportive

Front 32

What is the vaccination for coronavirus?

Back 32

none

Front 33

What very importnat disease does coronavirus have?

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SARS

Front 34

SARS was frist seen in? and spread by?

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Disease-First recognized in Guangdong province in February 2002, spread by a single physician traveling to Hong Kong, and then to Singapore, Vietnam, Canada (Toronto), and the United States (Seattle)
Last outbreak April 2004-China-lab exposure-9 cases

Front 35

How contagious is SARS?

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Highly contagious

Front 36

What is the incubation period for SARS?

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Incubation period 2-7 days (operationally 10 days)

Front 37

What is the clinical description for SARS?

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Clinical Description: Fever >38C, Cough or dyspnea, malaise, myalgias, diarrhea, then in 3-7 days-respiratory phase-cough and dyspnea-pneumonia/ARDS respiratory failure

Front 38

How do you diagnose SARS?

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Diagnosis: IFA, or ELISA, PCR can be done in state labs (including OSDH

Front 39

What is the avg fatality rate with SARS, what about older pts?

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Case Fatality Rate 11%. If older than 60-43%.

Front 40

How do you treat SARS?

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Treatment: supportive, corticosteroids and ribavirin have been tried-ribavirin may even increase mortality
Conserved viral protease maybe target for rx.

Front 41

How do you prevent SARS?

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Prevention: respiratory isolation of suspected cases, Mab in development

Front 42

Is there a vaccine for SARS?

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Vaccination: in development

Front 43

Rhinovirus is a member of what family?

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Picornavirus family

Front 44

What are some members of the picornavirus family?

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Rhinovirus, poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, and echovirus

Front 45

Describe the Rhinovirus structure:

Back 45

Icosahedral structure complex of 60 subunits of 4 proteins (+) RNA core
Pits on capsid shell bind to ICAM
109 different types causing colds and display cubic symmetry

Front 46

Rhinovirus is the number one cause of?

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This virus is the number one cause of cold (sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat without fever).

Front 47

What is the incubation period of Rhinovirus? The cold length?

Back 47

Two to four day incubation period with the cold lasting a week.

Front 48

What are the peak incidences of Rhinovirus?

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fall and spring

Front 49

What is Rhinovirus associated with?

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Association between asthma exacerbations has been suggested, secondary bacterial infection with sinusitis, otitis media is common

Front 50

How do you diagnose Rhinovirus?

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Diagnosis: Clinical, isolation not usually performed

Front 51

What is the treatment for Rhinovirus?

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Treatment: supportive
many therapies including ICAM analogues have been tried-brief flurry of optimism in in vitro and animal studies followed by disappointing clinical trials, or minimal effectiveness with side effects
IFN-alfa-2b some efficacy-early trial
Additional drugs in development-none yet shown dramatic effectiveness in humans
haven for “natural” remedies vitamin C, echinacea, zinc-RCT’s show no/mixed effect.

Front 52

What is the vaccination for Rhinovirus?

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none

Front 53

Serotypes and Rhinovirus immunity?

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Immunity to reinfection is present-it is serotype specific, not long lasting, and there are serotype mutations limiting effectiveness
Number of serotypes is problematic