Resp 2 - Peterson Pathology

Front 1

Why do aspiration materials tend to enter right stem bronchi more?

Back 1

More vertical and more inline with the esophagus

Front 2

3 – 5 terminal bronchioles with their acini are referred to as a ______ ______

Back 2

pulmonary lobule

Front 3

The alveolar walls are composed of:
Capillary ______ and alveolar ______ separated by basement membrane. Also what type of cells loosely attached to epithelial cells or free floating that contain phagocytosed materials?

Back 3

endothelium
epithelium (type 1 flat and 95% lining, type 2 round and produce surfactant as well as give rise to type 1 cells)
Alveolar macrophages

Front 4

The alveolar walls are lined by pores of ___, opening between adjacent alveoli. These permit the passage of material between alveoli.

Back 4

Kohn

Front 5

T/F Pulmonary hypoplasia involves both lungs

Back 5

TRUE - may be one more than the other, but both effected

cause: diaphragmatic hernia, oligohydramnions

Front 6

Forgut Cysts:
- Most often located in the ____ or middle mediatinum.
- Classified as _______ (most common), esophageal, or enteric based on lining. Bronchogenic cysts are lined by respiratory epithelium with focal ________ metaplasia. And contain glands, cartilage, and smooth muscle in the wall.

Back 6

hilum

bronchogenic
squamous

Front 7

Pulmonary ________: a discrete mass of lung tissue without connection to the airway system. Bronchioles filled with mucoid.
Blood supply does not form from the pulmonary arteries, but from the _____ or its branches.
Extralobar sequestrations - present in what age group as an abnormal mass.
Intralobar sequestrations are usually present in what age group? with recurrent localized infections or bronchictasis.

Back 7

sequestration
aorta
infants
older children

Front 8

Which way does the mediastinum shift in Resorption atelectasis?
Compression atelectasis (where pleural cavity is filled by exudate, tumor, blood, air)?
What is Contraction atelectasis?

Back 8

mediastinum shifts towards the affected lung.

mediastinum shifts away from the affected lung.

When there is localized or generalized fibrosis in the lung or pleura which prevents full expansion (only non-reversible type)

Front 9

What is aka Diffuse Alveolar Damage
Abrupt onset of hypoxia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates WITHOUT cardiac failure

Back 9

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Front 10

ARDS (DAD):
_____ cell injury from shock, pancreatitis, heroin, nitrofurantoin
or
Direct _____ lining cell injury - toxic gases inhaled or exhaled, viral resp infective agents.
BUT if you damage one, both suffer

Back 10

endothelial

alveolar

Front 11

ARDS (DAD):
What alveolar damage is done that results in atelectasis?
What endothelial damage is done that leads to hyaline membranes?

Back 11

Linig cells slough - loss of alveolar lining cells type II result in surfactant loss producing atelectasis

Capillaries leak - extrusion of proteinaceous fluid into alveoli
WORST: capillary thrombosis

Front 12

ARDS (DAD):
Early Stage - Edema, damaged endothelial cells leaking _____, _____ cell slough, macrophages present, fibrin thrombi

Back 12

protein
alveolar

Front 13

ARDS (DAD):
Intermediate early healing stage - alveolar cells do what? ______ epithelium squamous metaplasia.

Back 13

Hyperplasia - type II make surfactant and eventually also become type I
Bronchial

Front 14

ARDS (DAD):
Late stage - inflammation (lymphocytes) in the ______, fibrosis (collagen formation) in both the _____ and interstitium, alveolar mos engage in phagocytosis of _____ membranes

Back 14

interstitium
alveoli
hyaline

Front 15

Pulmonary Infarction:
First are what color and then turn what color?

Back 15

Pale - then hemorrhagic necrosis so they are red (wedge shaped infarct)

Front 16

In secondary pulmonary hypertension endothelial cell injury decreases production of _______. This reduces NO production and increases release of _______, both promote vasoconstriction.

Back 16

prostacyclin
endothelin

Front 17

In primary, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, what 2 groups of people are affected most?
What is the mutation in the familial form?

Back 17

Children, young women

BMPR2 mutation which causes loss of normal cell apoptosis so smooth muscle survives and proliferates

Front 18

Pulmonary Hypertension Pathology:
Arteriopathic -
_____ thickening
Medial ______
_____ lesion
Atherosclerosis if pulmonary artery pressure > __mmHg
Veno-occlusive -
_____ fibrosis

Back 18

Intimal (RBC PACKED in)
hypertrophy
plexiform
60
intimal

Front 19

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema:
Cough, orthopnea, rales, what kind of sputum?
How is it induced?
How is it treated?

Back 19

Frothy, pink

Hypoxia-induced hypertension. Patent foramen ovale worse
O2, nifedipine (vasodilator), NO, rapid descent