Resp 2

Front 1

common S&S of pulmonary disease

Back 1

cough
dyspnea
chest pain
cyanosis
digital clubbing
altered breathing patterns

Front 2

dry cough

Back 2

hypersensitive airways
congestion
tumor

Front 3

productive cough

Back 3

purulent sputum indicates infection
non-purulent sputum indicates non-specific irritation
hemoptysis indicates pathologic condition

Front 4

dyspnea

Back 4

feature of pulmonary disease
occurs seondary to inadequate ventilation and/or lack of O2 in circulating blood
occurs mainly with diffuse, rahter tahn localized disease
orthopnea - dyspnea when lying down, secondary to fluid shifts and decreased efficiency of the respiratory muscles

Front 5

chest pain

Back 5

substernal, over involved lung field
may mimic angina, including readiation in neck or UE
pleural irritation may result in sharp pain that is reduced by lying on the affected side, limiting movement (autosplinting)

Front 6

cyanosis

Back 6

bluish coloring of the skin and mucous membranes
occurs secondary to reduced O2 saturation of the blood and/or reduced hemoglobin content

Front 7

digital clubbing

Back 7

loss of the normal angle between the nail and nail-bed on the fingers and toes
results in a club-like appearance
thought to be caused by a chronic perfusion deficit secondary to pulmonary disease
may also occur with certain cardiac, liver, and GI disorders

Front 8

altered breathing patterns

Back 8

change in the normal rate, depth, regularity, and effort of breathing
read 557 in GFB
Cheyne-stokes, Kussmaul, Biot, Apneustic

Front 9

Pulmonary change with Aging

Back 9

decreased resp muscle strength and endurance
decreases in number of elastic fibers in the lung tissue
increase chest wall stiffness
decreased in overall lung function
increase work of breathing
increase susceptibility to respiratory infections
increase complications during anesthesia

Front 10

PT implications

Back 10

expect reduced exercise capacities in older adults
be aware of S&S of pulmonary disease, including abnormal breathing
monitor vitals at rest and during activity, including pulse oximetry if available
educate on importance of regular aerobic exercise to reduce the age-related changes in cardiorespiratory function

Front 11

pneumonia

Back 11

acute lung tissue inflammation
symptoms (chills/fever, elevated WBC, respiratory distress, sputum changes, cloudy areas on chest x-ray)
middle age alcoholics

Front 12

pneumonia etiology

Back 12

bacteria/virus
hypostasis
aspiration
fungus

Front 13

pneumonia etiology virus

Back 13

50% of all types
influenza A, B, C
adenoviruses

Front 14

pneumonia etiology bacteria

Back 14

diplococcus pneumoniar (pneumococcal)>50%
Klebsiella pneumoniae -typically seen in middle aged alcoholics

Front 15

Lobar pneumonia

Back 15

self limiting
involves an entire lobe
produces an intra alveolar exudate
10 day course
pneumococcus and Klebsiella
consolidations of the affected lobe
healthy adults

Front 16

Bronchopneumonia

Back 16

pleural effusion and hydrothorax
may result in atelectasis (collapsed lung)
diffuse patchy consolidation pattern
usually bilateral
occludes small airways
longer recovery - permanent damage
elderly and infants
may result in pleurisy
staphylococcus and streptococcus

Front 17

chronic bronchitis
blue bloater

Back 17

progresisve disease
hyperactive airway component
high incidence in England
smoking history

Front 18

emphysema

Back 18

progressive destruction of distal airways or alveoli(airways collapse, air trapping, difficult to get air out)
irreversible
pulmonary infections
"end stage" lung disease
males have a greater incidence than females

Front 19

types of emphysema

Back 19

centrilobular
panlobular
mixture

Front 20

centrilobular emphysema

Back 20

destruction of respiratory bronchioles
affects the central acinus
poor ventilation causes V/Q imbalance (vent/ perfusion)
cyanosis, bradypnea (depressed breathing), well nourished
cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure)
not a good exchange of gas, stagnant air, build up in residual volume

Front 21

panlobular emphysema
pink puffer

Back 21

affects all of the alveoli of an acinus
increased pulmonary dead space
diffusion block (passage of O2 from blood to alveoli is impaired)
compensation by tachypnea (rapid breath)
spontaneous pneumothorax-Blebs (collapsed lung)
bullae formation (bubble out, taking up space, no effective gas exchange, filled with air or puss)

Front 22

pink puffer

Back 22

hypertrophy in trapezius and SCM
work to get air in (use lots of E)
pursed lip breathing (breathe in through nose, blow out like blowing in straw, creates back pressure in airways to keep them open so they don't collapse)

Front 23

bronchiectasis common causes

Back 23

pertusis (immunised as children, whoopin cough)
measles (immunized as children)
bronchopneumonia
chronic bronchitis

Front 24

carcinoma of the lung

Back 24

airway blockage
hemoptysis (spitting/coughing up blood)
mestasis (spreads to other parts of the body)

Front 25

cystic fibrosis

Back 25

genetic
early mortality (80% -first 2 decades)
recessive trait
much mucus-pancreas (malabsorption -take enzymes to help with reabsorption from the gut, intestinal blockage - life threatening)

Front 26

clinical picture of cystic fibrosis

Back 26

thin, asthenic
barrel chest
protruding abdomen
elevated shoulders

Front 27

PT implications with cystic fibrosis

Back 27

postural drainage
exercise, breathing exercies
pursed lip breathing
antibiotic and O2
laryngeal control

Front 28

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease

Back 28

implies respiratory depth restriction
no blockage of air flow
pulmonary volume reduction
pulmonary underinflation

Front 29

tidal volume

Back 29

air moved in and out in one breath

Front 30

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 30

air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal breath

Front 31

expiratory reserve volume

Back 31

air that can be forcefully expired after a normal breath

Front 32

residual volume

Back 32

part of air in lung that can't be exhaled, volume of air still in lungs at end of forced expiration

Front 33

total lung capacity

Back 33

maximum amount of air the lungs can hold when they are fully inflated

Front 34

atelectasis

Back 34

collapsed alveoli, can't ventilate certain parts of lung

Front 35

lung parenchyma

Back 35

pneumoconiosis
fluid builds up in lungs, restricts that area from filling up with air (chronic irritation/inflammation, extensice fibrosis, silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis)

Front 36

othopaedic disorders

Back 36

scoliosis, expand chest wall on one side and compressed on the other side, impaired ventilation

Front 37

sarcoidosis

Back 37

high incidence in African Americans
deposits of gamma globulins
increased B lymphocytes
decreased T lymphocytes