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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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resources
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the total amount of material that we possibly ever could acquire from earth's crust
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reserve
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the amount that we could mine for a profit
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if it can't be grown it has to be mined
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all raw materials come from the earth
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renewable resource
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can be replenished
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'average crustal abundance'
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grinding up the earth's crust and homogenizing it, gives a sample of what is in the earth's crust
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Most abundant elements in the earth's crust
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Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodia, Calciam
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top countries US imports minerals from
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China, Canada, Russia, Australia, South Africa, Mexico, Brazil
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why do some countries have abundant minerals?
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the right geology, large land areas, infrastructure to explore and mine, mining is permitted and encouraged in the countries
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natural way elements end up in water
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water underground moves through permeable rocks, leaches elements
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important uses of water
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drinking, agriculture, industry, washing, home/yard botanicals, transportation, recreational boating/swimming, generating electricity
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what is the difference between a rock and a minteral
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rock is an aggregate of grains of one or more minterals
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dieticians mean what by 'minerals'?
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elements
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rock on campus
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granite, igneous rock
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why are silicate minerals so abundant in earth's crust?
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oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements
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other compositional groups of minerals
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carbonates, sulfates, hydrates, sulfides, oxides, phosphates
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Ore deposit in igneous rock
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crystal settling out of a magma, as with magnetite
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Ore deposit in metamorphic rock
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changing one set of minerals into another, such as clays to garnet
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Ore deposit in sedimentary rock
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minerals settling out by density in a strongly flowing stream, such as in gold
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Formation of Coal
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swampy/wetland areas where plants fall into water but do not totally rot, organic remains pile up aget compacted, degassing, and chemical changes
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Formation of Oil
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Ocean environment when huge numbers of small organisms die and drop to teh bottom, accumulate in sediments, compation, degassing, and chemical changes to form licuid
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2 ways natural gas forms
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1. petroleum- maturation of hydrocarbon, increasing temeperature, more methane released
2. coal- maturation of organic matter releases methane |
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Why a push for natural gas?
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it burns cleaner than the other fossil fuels, less pollutants when burned
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hydrothermal
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hot water, meaning naturally heated water, formed by hot springs, or deeply circulated groundwaters
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What does effiency mean?
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given amount of original energy, what percent of that ultimate amount did the device capture?
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Coal plant or hydroelectric more efficient?
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Hydroelectric mucy higher, 90%
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Naturally radioactive elements
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Uranium, thorium, radium, radon
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Radiation?
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gammarays and particles hit us
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Industrial Ecology
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the analysis of how you will recycle all the compnents of a product at the end of its 'life' as a means of selecting a green method
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Moderator
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material such as carbon/graphite or water, that slows neutrons velocity in a nuclear reactor
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Secondary Recovery
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Procedures used to obtain additional petroleum from a drill site after normal pumping is done
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Turbine
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looks like fan blades conected to magnets, rotate
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Acid (mine) drainage
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Oxidative weathering of pyrite in the presence of water, usually al earth's surface, produces sullfuric acid
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Evaporite
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minerals that precipitate when sea water evaporates form deposits call evaporites
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Placer
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deposits formed by density separation of grans in a stream/river
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Copper
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electtrical wiring, alloying element in bronze
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Aluminum
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electrical wiring, cans, cap on the washington monument
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Lead
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car batteries, formerly sused in paint
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Magnesium
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alloyed with aluminum, cans
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Gold
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electrical wiring, precious jewelry
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Platinum
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electrical wiring, catalytic converter in a car, precious jewelry
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3 elements critical for the life and health of a plant/crop
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Nitrogen, Potassium, PPhosphorus
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Limestone is made out or?
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Calcite
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Major uses of limestone on campus
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concrete, cut stone surrounding windows and as edging
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Scarce vs. abundant
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avg. composition of earth's crust, elements whose concentration are less that .1% are scarce
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ferrous metals
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iron, those that are used to alloy with iron
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iron
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two oxidation states, one is much more soluble in water, element readily leached
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examples of alloys
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steel, brass, bronze, pewter, solder
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by-product
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otehr marketable metals/products in addition to the main resource that caused the mine to be opened
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iron
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two oxidation states, one is much more soluble in water, element readily leached
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examples of alloys
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steel, brass, bronze, pewter, solder
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by-product
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otehr marketable metals/products in addition to the main resource that caused the mine to be opened
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