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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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problem statement
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an expression of dilemma or disturbing situation that needs investigation
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construct
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an abstraction or concept that is deliberately invented (constructed) by researchers for scientific purpose (ex. health locus of control)
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experimental design
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a study in which the researcher controls (manipulates) the independent variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions
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non-experimental design
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studies in which the researcher collects data without introducing an intervention
aka: observational research |
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internal validity
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the degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment (independent variable), rather than uncontrolled, extraneous factors, caused observed effects
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external validity
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the degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or samples other than the one studied
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meta-analysis
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a technique for quantitatively integrating the results of multiple similar studies addressing the same research question
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quasi-experimental design
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design for an intervention study in which subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment conditions
aka: non-randomized trial or controlled trial w/o randomization |
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Quota sample
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nonrandom sampling method in which "quotas" for certain sample characteristics are established to increase the representation of the sample
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nursing research
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systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession
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null hypothesis
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a hypothesis stating no relationship between the variables under study.
- used primarily in statistical testing as the hypothesis to be rejected |
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validity
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a quality criterion referring to the degree to which inferences made in a study are accurate and well-founded;
- in measurement, the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure. |
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reliability
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the degree of consistency or dependability with which an instrument measures an attribute
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national institute of nursing research
(NINR) |
established at US national institute of health in 1993
- affirms the stature of nursing research in the US |
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positivist paradigm
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assumes there is an objective reality and that natural phenomena are regular and orderly.
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determinism
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the belief that phenomena are the result of prior causes and are not haphazard
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Naturalistic paradigm
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assumes that reality is not a fixed entity but rather a construction of human minds and thus the truth is a composite of multiple constructions of reality
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5 steps for individual EBP are
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1. framing an answerable clinical question
2. searching for relevant research-based evidence 3. appraising and synthesizing the evidence 4. integrating evidence with other factors 5. assessing effectiveness |
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continuous variables
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a variable that can take on an infinite range of values along a specified continuum (ex. height)
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discrete variables
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a variable with a finite number f values between two points
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categorical variables
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a variable with discrete values rather than values along a continuum (ex. gender)
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dependent variable
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the variable to be the effected by the independent variable
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independent variable
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the variable that is believed to be the cause or influence the dependent variable.
- the manipulated variable |
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functional/associative relationship
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the independent and dependent variables are related in a non-causal way
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grounded theory
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seeks to describe and understand key social psychological and structural processes that occur in a social setting
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phenomenology
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focuses on the lived experiences of humans and is an approach to learning about what the life experiences of people are like and what they mean
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ethnography
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provides a framework for studying the meanings, patterns, and life-ways of a culture in a holistic fashion
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Main phases in Quantitative study
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1. conceptual
2. planning 3. empirical 4. analytic 5. dissemination |
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I.M.R.A.D
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Introduction
Method Results and Discussion |
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moderator variables
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affect the strength or direction or a relationship between the ID and DV
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mediating variables
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intervene between the IV and DV and help to explain why the relationship exists
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primary source (in a research review)
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the original description of the study prepared by the researcher who conducted it
- Lit reviews should be based on primary sources material |
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secondary source (in a research review)
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a description of the study by a person unconnected with it
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problem statement
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an expression of a dilemma or disturbing situation that needs investigation
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Problem statement includes:
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1. problem identification
2. background 3. scope 4. consequences of the problem 5, knowledge gaps 6. possible solutions to the problem |
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statement of purpose
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summarizes the overall study goal and identifies the key concepts and the study group or population
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cross-sectional design
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design in which data are collected at one point in time; sometimes used to infer change over time when data are collected from different age or developmental groups
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construct validity
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the validity of inferences from observed persons, settings, and interventions in a study to the constructs that these instances might represent; with an instrument, the degree to which it measures the construct under investigation
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3 major ethical principles from the Belmont Report
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1. Beneficence
2. Respect for human dignity 3. Justice |
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Beneficence
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the performance of some good and the protection of participants from physical and psychological harm and exploitation
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Justice includes
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the right to fair treatment and the right to privacy
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certificate of confidentiality
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protects researchers against the forced disclosure of confidential info through a court order or other legal or administrative process
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expedited review
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used in studies which risks to participants are minimal.
- this may be substituted for a full board review |
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Trustworthiness encompasses several different dimensions:
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1. Dependability
2. Confirmability 3. Credibility |
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longitudinal design
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data collection at two or more points over an extended period
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Longitudinal studies include:
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1. trend studies
2. panel studies 3. follow-up studies |
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retrospective design
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the collection of data about an outcome in the present and about possible causes or antecedents in the past
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prospective design
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having information about a cause or antecedent first, then the subsequent collection of information about outcomes
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experiments involve:
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1. manipulation
2. control 3.randomization |
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factorial design
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design in which 2 or more variables are manipulated simultaneously allowing the researcher to test main effects and interaction effects
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main effects
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effects from the experimentally manipulated variables
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interaction effects
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effects resulting from combining the treatments
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descriptive correlational research
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describes how phenomena are interrelated w/o inferring causality
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univariate descriptive studies
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examine the occurrence, frequency, or average value of variables w/o examining interrelationships
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4 types of validity that affect quantitative studies
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1. statistical conclusion validity
2. internal validity 3. construct validity 4. external validity |
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non-probability sampling
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1. convenience
2. quota 3. purposive |
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data collection methods vary along 4 dimensions
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1. structure
2. quantifiability 3. researcher obtrusiveness 4. objectivity |
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4 levels of measurement
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1. nominal
2. ordinal 3. interval 4. ratio |
