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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Determine cause and effect:
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Where there is a change in A, does a change in B result? If the answer is yes, we can infer that the change in A was the cause of the change in B. Change in A is controlled by researcher. When we engage in this type of study, the study is an experiment.
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What is an independent variable?
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Aspects of a study that the scientist-practitioner either controls or chooses. They do not rely on other variables for their changes. They are “the presumed” causes of outcomes. Ex. Treatment
Any independent variable must have at least _____ values. Two If there is only one value, it is a ____________. Constant |
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What is an active independent variable?
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One the researcher has complete control over. Having at least one active IV is essential for an experiement and to determine cause/effect
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What is an assigned (attribute) independent variable?
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One the researcher doesn’t have complete control over but can choose to use (ie, age, health status, intelligence)
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What is a dependent variable?
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Outcomes of a study, whether clinical intervention or not. Behaviors we wish to change. Their values depend on changes in independent variable. (ex. ROM, Pain rating, performance on outcome measures). Must be operationally defined. It’s something you measure or count.
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What does operationally defined mean?
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The researcher must decide how to measure the outcome. They are related to physical parameters, test score, and are subjective rating.
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What are intervening variables?
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What can effect the outcomes- pt being sick, motivated, will they follow through?
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What are confounding and extraneous variables?
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Try to account for all possible causes of outcomes not related to chsen IV and minimize. (ie, can’t control the economy but can minimize how the person follows through by giving specific instructions, checking on them, etc
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Give examples of extraneous variables in the setting:
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Temperature, noise level, time of day
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Give examples of extraneous variables repated to pts:
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Stress levels, motivation, worked out, injuries
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What is a cause and effect relationship?
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Scientist manipulates an active independent variable and the result is a change in the dependent variable.
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What is included in the analysis of designs?
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Purpose
Timing of data collection Manipulation of participants ( not necessarily always doing something to somebody) |
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What is a Variable?
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-some characteristic that takes different forms within a study (age)
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What is a Constant?
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takes only one form within a study
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When would gender be a variable?
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at a certain age, men have denser bones than women, a constant? Only in women… bone density- only looking at women or men What about age? Constant: need to look at an age group instead of a particular age: 60-70 vs 65y/o.
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What is Analysis of differences?
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X caused Y. the IV is the presumed cause of the DV
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What is Analysis of relationships?
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There’s a relationship between the variables.
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What is a disappearing variable?
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If no comparisons are made. Combine levels mathematically. One level is used as the baseline.
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Describe Design dimensions:
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1) Purpose: are you analyzing relationships or differences
2) Timing of data collection a. Retrospective- data collected before the research question was developed b. Prospective- data collected after the research question was developed. 3) Manipulation a. Experimental: doing something to someone b. Nonexperiemental: survey c. Quasiexperiemental: Participants serve as own controls |
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The nonmanipulated Independent variable:
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1) Manipulation was retrospective
2) Variable is nonmanipulable: can’t change the characteristic but can use it as a grouping variable (gender) 3) Researcher chooses not to manipulate (medication) |
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Why does non manipulated I.V. matter?
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When you control the manipulation of the IV(s), you can discuss cause and effect
Your hypothesis has to be a difference hypothesis You CANNOT determine cause and effect from a purely descriptive study or from an analysis of relationships |
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1. implementation of the IV-control
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Fastidious vs. practical: measuring out everything vs eyeballing it
Who is implementing the IV? Things to think about: reliability |
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2. selection and assignment-control
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Must include criteria for selection in your paper; where will you find items to use as inclusion/exclusion criteria? Who’s going to be in your study from the literature that you find. Best source is in the study that you want to manipulate.
Select participants from a population of interest Who might this population be in your research? For most of ours, it will be young, college age people |
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3. extraneous variables in the setting-control
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“treatment’ variables; fastidious vs. practical treatment of the room, male PT and female pt., fake ultrasound- we as students with no knowledge running the machine would not be a good idea. Is it practical? Can you always get the room to be the same temp?
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4. extraneous variables related to the participants (subject variables)-control
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Need to decide what’s most important-e.g., can your subject eat breakfast before participating?, retesting- wearing the same shoes, same kinds of clothes
Use of randomly assigned control group (the second R (Random)-what was the first? ratio) If no control group, have to weed out such things as maturation: stroke pts day 2 vs month 2, kids in Kindergarten- day 2 vs month 2 Use same participants for all levels of the IV Repeated measures design, participants act as their own contols and receive all experimental conditions Need less participants, may be cost effective Problems-familiarization, fatigue Counterbalancing-random start with rotation; Latin square done with computer |
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5. measurement variation-control
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Reliability and validity of measurements
Reliability and validity of instruments Multiple raters Pilot study to insure inter/intrarater reliability and to get all the bugs worked out (remember Murphy??) |
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6. Info received by participants and researchers-control
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A. incomplete info-may control for any effects of expectations
B. masking the participants-”blinding”; may be difficult to actually do and then there are those ethical problems C. masking the researchers-one person could do the treatment; a second person could measure (Rob’s and Mike’s study on effects of joint mob) Single blind-either researcher or subject are blind Double blind-no one knows but the computer epitome of the drug trials- only the computer knows. |
