Research Study Guide Year 2

Front 1

An organized means to obtain information, to search the truth, to investigate human feelings, values, behaviors, activities, processes, elements, and relationships is called?

Back 1

Research

Front 2

This is intended to measure and determine if change is a result of the intervention and is called?

Back 2

Designs

Front 3

This Type of Design Group
 Does not use a control group
 participants not randomly assigned
 data can be collected at the beginning or end but
 cannot determine if changes are result of the intervention because of decreased control is called?

Back 3

Non-experimental / Single Group

Front 4

This type of Design Group:
 Experimental group and control group formed by means other than random assignment
 Data collected from both before and after
 Lack of random assignment decreases control
 Changes in experimental group may support effectiveness of intervention and is called:

Back 4

Quasi-experimental

Front 5

This type of Design Study has:
 Random assignment of participants into control and experimental groups
 Data collected before and after intervention
 Changes in experimental group is good evidence because of increased control and is called:

Back 5

Experiment

Front 6

This is a suggested explanation of a phenomenon or reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between multiple phenomena.

Back 6

Hypothesis

Front 7

This refers to a provisional idea whose merit needs evaluation

Back 7

Hypothesis

Front 8

True or False
Useful hypothesis will enable predictions, by reasoning

Back 8

True

Front 9

A _____ between or among two or more things, but without necessarily asserting a cause-and-effect relationship “when A changes, so does B” is:
A- Correlation or
B-Proposition

Back 9

A- Correlation

Front 10

A _____asserts a causal relationship “A causes B” ex: If a particular independent variable is changed there is also a change in a certain dependent variable= “If and then” statement.
A- Correlation or
B- Proposition

Back 10

b- Proposition

Front 11

works from the more general to the more specific- “Top-down” approach.

Back 11

Deductive Reasoning **D for Down"

Front 12

oTheory--hypothesis--observation--confirmation

Back 12

Deductive Reasoning

Front 13

This type of Reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories- “bottom up” approach

Back 13

Inductive Reasoning

Front 14

oObservation-->pattern--tentative hypothesis---theory

Back 14

inductive reasoning

Front 15

This type of reasoning will Test the sum of the predictions against the sum of the data

Back 15

Inductive Reasoning

Front 16

This type of reasoning is the process of reasoning to the best explanations.
o Starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations
o Use to generate a likely hypothesis in response to a phenomenon of interest

Back 16

abductive reasoning

Front 17

This type of study tries to reveal patterns associated with a SPECIFIC DISEASE without emphasis on pre-specified hypotheses. “hypothesis generating studies”; emphasis on estimation rather than testing; qualitative

Back 17

DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES

Front 18

This type of study asks -“why” ; 2 groups are studied; quantitative

Back 18

Analytic Studies

Front 19

This type of Analytical Study compares those diagnosed with the disease(case) with those who do not have the disease(control)

Back 19

Case/Control Study

Front 20

This type of Analytical Study identify factors after disease has occurred; looks backwards in time(ex: study of smoking and lung cancer)

Back 20

Retrospective Study

Front 21

This type of Analytical Study compares NON-DISEASED groups & whether exposed or unexposed to a factor & determines rates of disease

Back 21

Cohort Study

Front 22

This type of Analytical Study population begins DISEASE-FREE and is followed until disease develops; participants are followed over time for the effects of a health care treatment

Back 22

Prospective Study

Front 23

This is a measure of association between incidence of disease in unexposed & exposed group

Back 23

Relative Risk

Front 24

This determines knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behavior.

Back 24

Survey

Front 25

True or False-
A survey is:
o Well constructed
o Tests for validity & reliability
o High response rate
o Valid sample

Back 25

TRUE!

Front 26

This is the use of agency records and interviews to establish who is providing what services, and the comprehensiveness and continuity of those services. Allows for identification of gaps or needs in service delivery, type, etc.

Back 26

Resource Inventories

Front 27

This type of clinicial trial is where a clinical study that includes a comparison/control group. The control group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment.

Back 27

Controlled Clinical Trial

Front 28

This type of design group is where the subjects get both treatments in sequence; no separate control group, each subject serves as his/her own control

Back 28

Crossover Design

Front 29

This type of design group is where the subjects are assessed at a single time in their lives.

Back 29

Cross sectional Design

Front 30

True or False:
In a Cross sectional Design, the results are-
Fast
Able to study a large number of patients at little cost or effort,
good at identifying association, but trouble deciding cause and effect.

Back 30

TRUE!!

Front 31

In this type of Longitudinal Study, the subjects are assessed at several different times in their lives.
o Expensive
o Difficult to conduct/ dropouts
o But a lot of info that could not be obtained readily with other designs.

Back 31

Longitudinal Design

Front 32

In this type of Study, individuals are observed or certain outcomes are measured.
o No attempt made to affect the outcome- no treatment
o Groups are intact prior to the start
o Studies of exposure

Back 32

Observational Study

Front 33

This type of trial, participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither researchers nor participants can choose the group.

Back 33

Randomized Clinical Trial

Front 34

This type of trial is best when at the time of trial, the best treatment to use is unknown.

Back 34

Randomized Clinical Trial

Front 35

When the researcher insures that each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected; foundation of statistics, this is called:

Back 35

Random Sample

Front 36

This is the subset of a population.

Back 36

Sample

Front 37

The probability that the test is positive when given to a group of patients with the disease.

Back 37

Sensitivity

Front 38

The false negative rate is associated with?

Back 38

Sensitivity!

Front 39

In this, the denominator is the number of patients who HAVE THE DISEASE!

Back 39

Sensitivity!

Front 40

True or False-
A large sensitivity means a negative test can rule out the disease.

Back 40

TRUE!!

Front 41

The probability that the test will be negative among patients who do not have the disease is called?

Back 41

Specificity.

Front 42

The false positive rate is associated with?

Back 42

Specificity

Front 43

The denominator is the number of ____ patients in Specificity.

Back 43

HEALTHY!!

Front 44

a research review in which data from a set of studies on a particular question or topic are collected, analyzed, and critically reviewed is called?

Back 44

Systematic Review

Front 45

The thing that is actively controlled

Back 45

Independent Variable

Front 46

True or False-
Conclusions are drawn from comparing the values of the DEPENDENT variable.

Back 46

TRUE!!

Front 47

Degree to which a measure actually measures what it claims to measure IS CALLED?

Back 47

VALIDITY

Front 48

This type of validity is concerned with the accuracy of the concept that an instrument is attempting to measure.

Back 48

Construct Validity

Front 49

This type of validity is concerned with the subjective determination of validity, utilizing some form of expert judgment.

Back 49

Content validity

Front 50

This type of validity is the degree to which an investigator’s conclusions correctly describe what actually happened in the study. Requires variables which are logically consistent and represent a testable “casual relationship”

Back 50

Internal Validity

Front 51

This type of validity refers to the generalizability of the findings; extent to which conclusions from the research can be applied to the other similar settings or populations outside the study.

Back 51

External Validity

Front 52

Extent to which a measure conforms to or agrees with the true value

Back 52

ACCURACY

Front 53

quality of being sharply defined

Back 53

PRECISION

Front 54

Includes all sources of variation inherent in the test itself

Back 54

INSTRUMENTAL ERROR

Front 55

An effect or inference that departs systematically from the true value.

Back 55

BIAS

Front 56

differences in observations between different observers of the same phenomena(method)

Back 56

INTEROBSERVER VARIATION

Front 57

when the same observer records the same observation differently due to changes within the observer.

Back 57

INDIVIDUAL OBSERVER VARIATION

Front 58

an apparent but not genuine relationship

Back 58

SPURIOUS

Front 59

THIS is the extent to which the measurements of a test remain consistent over repeated tests of the same subject under identical conditions.

Back 59

RELIABILITY

Front 60

compares results from one administration of an instrument with the results of a second administration of the same instrument at a later time; A test is performed twice, e.g., the same test is given to a group of subjects at two different times

Back 60

TEST- RETEST

Front 61

compares results of two forms of the same instrument

Back 61

ALTERNATIVE-FORM OR MULTIPLE FORM

Front 62

divides an instrument in half and compares the results of one half against the results of the other.

Back 62

SPLIT-HALF METHOD

Front 63

compares results obtained from one observer with the results of another observer using the exact same method

Back 63

INTEROBSERVER RELIABILITY

Front 64

compares results obtained by the same observer on the same subjects but at different times

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INTRAOBSERVER RELIABILITY

Front 65

measures the extent to which the items in the instrument are similar or measure the same concept

Back 65

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

Front 66

This type of Error is where the wrong result due to chance
o Decrease by increasing sample size

Back 66

Random Error

Front 67

This type of error is wrong due to bias.

Back 67

Systematic Error

Front 68

What are the 5 characteristics of having a good question?
Hint: F,I,N,E,R

Back 68

F-FEASIBLE
I-INTERESTING
N-NOVEL
E-ETHICAL
R-RELEVANT

Front 69

What type of validity is this an example of?
if measuring "locus of control" will need to find an instrument with proven accuracy in measuring this.

Back 69

Construct Validity

Front 70

literature reviews and evaluations from experts in the field are examples of what type of validity?

Back 70

Content Validity

Front 71

Research is important to science, because it will:
a. Verify what we already know.
b. Prove our position.
c. Objectively test our beliefs.
d. Uncover absolute truth

Back 71

C- objectively test our beliefs.

Front 72

Understanding research can help Lindsey:
a. Evaluate information.
b. Create information.
c. Detect misinformation.
d. All of the above.

Back 72

d- all of the above

Front 73

All of the following are qualities of scientific methodology except:
a. Testable.
b. Open minded.
c. Subjective.
d. Publishable.
e. None of the above

Back 73

c- Subjective

Front 74

Jonathon has been told for a class assignment he needs to develop a hypothesis. The three fundamental modes of reasoning that would play a role in his inquiry would include all of the following except:
A. Abduction.
B. Deduction.
C. Production.
D. Induction

Back 74

Production

Front 75

A correlation between, or among, two or more things, but without necessarily asserting a cause-and-effect relationship, (for example: when “A changes so does B”) or a proposition which may take the form of asserting a a causal relationship (such as "A causes B") is known as a?
A. theory
B. model
C. hypothesis.
D. Abigail

Back 75

C- HYPOTHESIS

Front 76

Linda and Kristin are both measuring your percent of body fat using caliper measurements. Linda's results show that you are 18% body fat, and Kristin’s results show that you are 21% body fat. This would be an example of:
A. Individual observer variation.
B. Interobserver variation.
C. Spurious.
D. Kristin, not particularly caring for you

Back 76

B- INTEROBSERVER VARIATION

Front 77

Deductive reasoning works from the more general to more specific. This is sometimes informally called a top-down approach.
True or False

Back 77

True!!

Front 78

When research accurately measures and manipulates the variables under study, it has:
A. Internal validity.
B. Construct validity.
C. External validity.
D. Operational validity

Back 78

INTERNAL VALIDITY

Front 79

If you have an outcome when research accurately identifies cause - effect relationship, you have.
A. Internal validity
B. Construct validity
C. External validity
D. All of the above

Back 79

INTERNAL VALIDITY

Front 80

Whether the results of animal research will apply to people is a question of
A. Internal validity
B. Construct validity
C. External validity
D. Operational validity
E. All of the above

Back 80

C- EXTERNAL VALIDITY

Front 81

According to the null hypothesis:
A. There is no relationship among the variables
B. An experiment will not have any results
C. No theory can be tested by an experiment
D. There is no test for a particular concept

Back 81

A! THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIABLES!

Front 82

The problem of observers seeing what they expect to see is called:
A. Subject bias
B. Random observer error
C. Observer bias

Back 82

C- OBSERVER BIAS

Front 83

The Harvard Women Health Study would be an example of a:
a. cohort design
B. Cross over design
C. retrospective study
D. prospective study
E. A & D

Back 83

COHORT DESIGN AND PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Front 84

A research design, where the subject did both treatment in sequence is a
A.case control design
B. a crossover design
C. cross-sectional design
D. pain in the neck

Back 84

B- A CROSSOVER DESIGN

Front 85

Descriptive studies are quite popular and prevalent because these types of studies are used to generate hypothesis.
True
False

Back 85

TRUE

Front 86

When the same Observer records the same observation differently due to changes within the Observer, not the Observed, it is:
A- Interobserver variation
B- Individual Observer variation
C- Observer bias

Back 86

B- INDIVIDUAL OBSERVER VARIATION

Front 87

Reliability that measures the extent to which the items in instrument are similar or measure the same concept is referred to as internal consistency
True
False

Back 87

TRUE!

Front 88

The type of reliability that compares the results obtained from one observer with results of another using the exact same method is referred to as interobserver reliability.
True
False

Back 88

TRUE!

Front 89

In a cohort study that found an association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer, 20,000 middle aged men were asked about their drinking habits and then tracked for five years to watch for the development of cancer. Researchers did not ask the men about their diet and exercise habits or about smoking. What is the most likely source of error in this study?
a. The placebo effect
b. Reporting bias
c. Selection bias
d. Confounding variables

Back 89

D- CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

Front 90

These types of studies include cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort designs.

Back 90

Epidemiological studies

Front 91

The Framingham Heart Study is an example of what type of design?

Back 91

Longitudinal Design

Front 92

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT),which was a clinical study conducted from 1983 to 1993 by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) is an example of what type of study?

Back 92

prospective study

Front 93

____are intended to measure and determine if change is a result of the intervention.

Back 93

Research Design