Research Seminar In Clinical Psychology Exam 1

Front 1

To what extent can the intervention, rather than extraneous influences, be considered to account for the results, changes, or group differences?

Back 1

internal validity

Front 2

To what extent can the results be generalized or extended to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than those in this experimental arrangement?

Back 2

external validity

Front 3

Given that the intervention was responsible for change, what specific aspect of the intervention or arrangement was the causal agent, that is, what is the conceptual basis (construct) underlying the effect?

Back 3

construct validity

Front 4

To what extent is a relation shown, demonstrated, or evident, and how well can the investigation detect effects if they exist?

Back 4

statistical conclusion validity

Front 5

this type of validity establishes that there is an effect

Back 5

statistical conclusion validity

Front 6

this type of validity makes sure that the effect was caused by our intervention

Back 6

Internal validity

Front 7

Given that the intervention was responsible for change, this type of validity allows us to say that there was change in the construct (i.e., depression, not just BDI score).

Back 7

construct validity

Front 8

this type of validity asks " can we generalize to certain subpopulations?"

Back 8

external validity

Front 9

if there is no difference between groups and we reject the null, this is...

Back 9

false +

(where rejecting the null is pos, and failing to reject null is neg).

Front 10

if there is no diff betw groups and we fail to reject the null, this is ....

Back 10

true -

(where rejecting the null is pos, and failing to reject null is neg).

Front 11

If there is a diff between groups and we reject the null, this is ....

Back 11

true +

(where rejecting the null is pos, and failing to reject null is neg).

Front 12

If there is a diff and we fail to reject null, this is...

Back 12

false -

(where rejecting the null is pos, and failing to reject null is neg).

Front 13

Describe Dr.M's steps for experimental research (6).

Back 13

1. Define a population and a construct of interest
2. Draw a sample
3. use randomization/random assignment
4. may do pretest
5. Intervention
6. Compare post-test scores from the group

Front 14

What Statistical Conclusion Validity Issues, External Validity issues, and Construct Validity issues are present during step 1, Define a population and a construct of interest?

Back 14

SCV issues here: population heterogeneity

External Validity issues: generalizability may be limited by certain types of populations

Construct Validity Issues: how depression is related to negative affectivity, etc.

Front 15

What are some examples of statistical conclusion validity issues (SCV)?

Back 15

population heterogeneity, will sample be large enought to detect the effect we think is present, hidden nesting, reliability of instruments, random error.

Front 16

What are some examples of external validity issues?

Back 16

generalizability limited by certain types populations, volunteerism, how representative of the population is my sample

Front 17

What are some examples of construct validity issues?

Back 17

how depression is related to negative affectivity, is tx you are doing a good representation of all cbt tx,

Front 18

What are some examples of internal validity issues?

Back 18

instrumentation in testing, regression to the mean, people drop out

Front 19

With this technique, we make sure that we include individual from each strata. It is designed to address the external validity issue of represenativeness.

Back 19

stratified random sampling

Front 20

What SCV, EV issues are present during step 2 (Draw a sample)?

Back 20

SCV: will sample be large enough to detect the effect we think will be present

External validity: how representative of the population is my sample. Do we have a random sample?;also, volunteerism

Front 21

Step 3 involves using randomization/random assignment. What SCV issues are present here?

Back 21

1. hidden nesting- violates assumption of independence.

Front 22

make several subpopulations and subrandomize among those
for example, 3 blocks could be created among people with low, mid and high BDI scores.

Back 22

randomization blocks

Front 23

What is hidden nesting? Why is it a problem? Which step in the research process is it likely to appear?

Back 23

hidden nesting = you recruit kids from several classrooms, but kids in class A are more similar than kids in other classes

hidden nesting is a problem be/c it violates the assumption of independence.

hidden nesting is likely to appear when you use randomization/random assignment to form groups (step 3).

Front 24

What SCV and internal validity issues are associated with step 4, pretest?

Back 24

SCV: reliability of BDI

Internal Validity: instrumentation in testing

Front 25

What IV and CV issues are associated with step 5, intervention?

Back 25

IV: regression to the mean

CV: is your Tx a good representation of all CBT tx?

Front 26

What internal validity issue is present in step 6 (compare post-test scores from the groups)?

Back 26

people drop out

Front 27

Issues of random error are associated with what kind of validity?

Back 27

SCV

Front 28

You can increase power by..

Back 28

1. collecting pretest data
2. using an ANCOVA

Front 29

Describe some of the distinguishing features of a scientific theory.

Back 29

1. theory has empirical support.
2. It allows for hypotheses that can be falsified
3. theory allows for the operationalization of constructs (i.e, it allows you to measure them in a way that is valid).

Front 30

set of interrelated hypotheses for the purpose of explanation, understanding, predicting the course of a behavioral problem/disorder, controlling course of prob through tx.

Back 30

scientific theories

Front 31

According to Platt, what three things are needed in order to make a strong inference?

Back 31

1. generate multiple hypotheses from competing theories
2. design study that eliminates as many alternative hypotheses as possible
3. cleanly conduct the experiment

Front 32

When Platt suggests that experiments should be cleanly conducted, what does this mean?

Back 32

1. use standardized instruments to decrease variance
2. administer instruments reliably
3. ask questions in a way that will minimize expectancy, anchoring effects, and control for social desireability.

Front 33

Distinguish between the types of causes discussed in the Haynes article.

Back 33

original causes = proceeds all other causes and is independent of them; sets off the chain

maintaining causes = allow for continued behavior prob

triggering causes = associated with the immediate onset of a behavior disorder. (i.e., psychosocial stressor that triggers idea of hopelessness).