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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the process of self reporting? |
methods that are ways to obtain data by asking participants to provide information about themselves. |
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define qualititive data. |
data that indicates the quality of a psychological characteristic, and comes from research that generates in depth, descriptive findings. This sort of data is typical to observations, in which particular behaviours are the focus of an observer's detailed account, or of questionnaires, interviews and case studies. |
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define quantitative data. |
numerical data indicating the quantity of a psychological measure. Examples of this include time, or a numerical score on a personality test. These kinds of measures are associated with research methods such as exeriments and correlations, but can also be produced through interviews and observations. |
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what is an interview? |
a self report method in which participants reply verbally to questions asked by an interviewer. |
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define a pilot study. |
a small scale trial run of a method to identify and resolve any problems with the procedure. |
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what is a rating scale? |
a numerical scale on which a participant indicated a choice by selecting one number, so providing quantitative data. |
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what is a Likert scale? |
a type of question that measures attitudes using a statement to which participants respond by choosing an option they most closely identify with. |
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state the strengths of rating scales. |
- easy for participants to respond to, so large amounts of data can be collected quickly, making the data more reliable and, if a wide sample is found, more generalisable. - they produce quantitative data, which is easy to analyse. - they can be tested for reliability and improved by changing or removing unreliable items. - when several are used, their validity can be improved by reversing some items to reduce response bias. |
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state the weaknesses of rating scales. |
- they produce only quantitative data, which lacks detail, so participants cannot express opinions fully, thus lowering validity. - there is a risk of response bias, such as consistently giving answers in the middle or at one extreme end of the scale. - the points on the scale are only relative (ordinal data) i.e. the gaps between the points are not equal. This means that the data should not be used to calculate a mean, SD or in parametric tests. - they cannot be used to measure complex variables that require more than a simple numerical response, such as attitudes. |
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what are the strengths of likert scales? |
- all of the strengths of rating scales as well as: - they allow the measurement of more complex attitudes than rating scales |
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what are the weaknesses of likert scales? |
- all of the weaknesses of rating scales as well as: - The meaning of the middle value is ambiguous, and so could indicate undecided or no opinion. |
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define a semantic differential. |
a rating scale in which the participant rates their response between a pair of bipolar adjectives. there are often 5/7 positions between the adjectives, and is often used to measure attitudes or opinions. |
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Define open and closed questions. |
- open questions are questions that allow participants to give full and detailed answers in their own words. - closed questions are questions that offer a small number of explicitly stated alternative responses and no opportunity to expand on answers. |
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what are the strengths of open questions? |
- they produce qualitative data, which provides detail so partcipants can express opinions fully, raising validity |
