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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are experimenter effects? (5)
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Influences (usually unwittingly) brought into research situation by experimenter
interfere with the study. Include effects of experimenters appearance or behaviour on the participants most importantly, they include ‘experimenter expectancy effects’. Occur when the experimenter sways the results in the expected direction. |
Influences brought into...
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What is meant by participant reactivity (subjective effects)? (4)
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Possibility that participants behaviour can be affected by the research situation
so that they feel unable to react naturally. For example, try to support or undermine the research. May be ‘evaluatively apprehensive i.e. concerned about making a favourable impression. |
Possibility that participants'
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What is a single blind procedure and why is it used? (3)
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Participants are not informed of the research hypothesis.
Used when felt that their knowledge of the hypothesis would affect the results or make a nonsense of the research procedure. Minimise participant reactivity |
Participants are not informed...
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What is a double blind procedure and why is it used? (3)
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Neither participants nor researcher gathering the data know the research hypothesis.
Researcher acting on instructions from another researcher. Minimise both experimenter effects and participant reactivity |
Neither...
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What is meant by a population in psychological research? (3)
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Total number of individuals that would qualify to take part in a research study
because they have the necessary characteristics but when researchers talk about populations, they are really referring to populations of data |
Total number of...
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What is meant by a sample in psychological research? (1)
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Set of data selected from a population for the purposes of a research study
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Set of data...
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Give two reasons for sampling. (2)
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Ensure that the sample adequately represents the parent population
so findings from the sample can be generalised back to the population from which it was drawn |
Ensures that the sample...
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How might you take a random sample? (4)
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Each person in the population must have an equal chance of being selected.
Assign members of the population with a number and then select the required number by picking out their numbers at random random number tables or generators |
Each person in the population...
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What factors determine sample size? (6)
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Ideal sample size represents the parent population.
Larger sample would be needed to represent a very varied population Smaller one to represent a very homogenous population Not sufficient to say an adequate sample size is, say, 10% of the population. Sample size can also be related to the concept of power. Adequate sample is one that allows you sufficient power to correctly reject a false null hypothesis |
Ideal sample size represents...
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Define opportunity and quota sampling. (5)
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Opportunity sampling is when the researcher takes first people encountered who fit the necessary criteria.
Quota sampling is more elaborate form of opportunity sampling and often used by market researchers. They decide on a number of categories of individual that they’d like to study, Decide how many to find from each category and then go and opportunity sample them |
Opportunity is when the....
Quota sampling is a more... |
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What is meant by reliability? (2)
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Consistency.
means that a test or research study can be depended upon to produce the same, or similar, results every time it is carried out |
Means that a test or research...
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Define inter-observer reliability, test-retest reliability and alternate forms reliability. (3)
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Inter-observer reliability evident when different observers record same event in same way as each other.
Test-retest reliability is when a test produces similar results on two or more occasions. Alternate forms reliability when two equivalent versions of the same test produce similar results |
Inter-observer reliability eviden when...
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What is meant by validity? (2)
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Relevance or appropriateness.
A clumsier way of putting it is to say that a measure is valid if it measures what it purports to measure |
A clumsier way of putting it is to say...
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What is experimental validity? (3)
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Internal ‘worth’ of the research design
i.e. is it really measuring what it is supposed to measure or are there biases or other design problems getting in the way? |
Internal...
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What is ecological validity? (4)
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Relevance across different times, settings and populations
(temporal, contextual and population validity). |
Relevance across...
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Define face, predictive and content validity. (3)
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A measure appears, on the surface of it, to measure what it purports to measure.
Predictive validity means a measure is a good forecast of some future measure of performance. Content validity means a test contains items that are appropriate for testing whatever it purports to test. |
A measure appears...
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In what two senses is the term standardisation used? (4)
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Ensuring conditions in a research setting are the same for all participants
(except for any variable manipulation). Used in the field of testing to refer to the process a test is adjusted until scores on it yield a normal distribution. |
Ensuring conditions...
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What are standardised instructions? (2)
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Directions that are given to research participants in the same way.
Form of control used to avoid favouring some participants over others |
Directions that are given to...
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What is a pilot study? What is the purpose of pilot studies? (5)
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Small-scale
Dummyrun of a proposed research procedure. Purpose is to show up any deficiencies in the procedure so that they can be put right, and the procedure perfected, before the full-scale study is carried out |
Small...
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What is a) a cross-sectional and b) longitudinal research design? (5)
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Selecting a number of different age groups of participants
and studying them at the same time. A longitudinal research design means selecting one group of participants all within the same age range and following them up at intervals over time. Both research designs are aimed at discovering the nature of change with time |
Selecting a number of...
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