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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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null hypotheses
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-two variables are NOT related
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alternative hypotheses
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-two variables ARE related
-one may cause the other |
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qualitative data
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-verbal descriptions of attributes of events
*words |
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quantitative data
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-numerical descrpitions of attributes of events
*numbers |
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validity
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-the degree to which an instruments measures what it is supposed to measure
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types of validity
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-predictive/criterion
-concurrent -construct -content |
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Predictive/criterion validity
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-the accuracy in which a test predicts future performance on a related task
-ex: gre scores may predict performance in gradschool |
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concurrent validity
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- the extent that a new test correllates with an established test
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construct validity
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- the degree to which test scores are consistent with theoretical constructs or concepts
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content validity
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- examines all test items to ensure if they measure the full range of skill being tested
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reliability
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- consistency in which the same event is measured repeatedly
- expressed in correlational coeeficient |
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test retest relaibility
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- consistency of measures when the same test is given 2x to the same person
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alternate form reliability
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- consisitency of 2 parralel forms of the same test
- ex EVT-2 form A and form B |
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split-half reliability
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- responses on the 1st 1/2 of test are correlated with responses on 2nd 1/2
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intERobserver intERjudge relaibility
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- the extent to which 2 or more observers agree in measuring an event
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intRAobserver-intRAjudge relaibility
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-extent that the smae observer repeatedly measures the same event
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independent variable
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- directly manipulated by the experimenter (cause)
ex: amount of noise in enviorment |
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dependent variable
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- -the vairable that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable (effect)
*ex: amount of difficulty hearing speech *all disorders are DV's |
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types of experimental designs in SLP
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-group & single-subject
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group designs-experimental
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-consists of 2 or more groups, one that recieves tx one that doesn't
-groups are formed using randomination or matching |
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group designs-nonexperimental
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- only 1 group
-research is observational or a case study |
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pretest-posttest control group design
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-measures effects of 1 tx
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multigroup pretest-posttest design
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-measures the effects of 2 or more tx's
ex: which tx is more effective |
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advantages of group experiemtnla designs
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- useful in isolating cause/effect realtionship
-strong internal validity (the manipulation of the Independent V. caused the change) |
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disadvantages of group experimental designs
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- not always possible to randomly select particpiants
-may not allow extension of study to indevidual clients |
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single subject design
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-establish caue-effect relationships based on individual performance
-allow extensive and intensive study of individual subjects -do NOT involve comparisons based on group performance -may have more than 1 participant, but results are not averaged they are resocred individually |
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2 types of single subject design studies
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-ABA &ABAB
- multiple baseline |
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ABA
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-basic single subject design
- A baseline, B tx, A withdrawal |
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ABAB
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-provides beneift to participant unlike ABA design
-A baseline, B tx, A withdrawal, B tx reinstated |
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multiple baseline design
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- subject design which avoids tx withdrawal phase
- 3 types: across subjects, across settings, across behaviors |
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across subjects MB design
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- sevral participants who are taught 1 or more behvior sequentailly
-shows that only behaviors of treated participant change |
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across settings MB design
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-behaior is taught sequentially in different settings
-demonstrates that behavior changhed only in treated setting |
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across behaviors MB design
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- several behaviors are sequentially taught
- shows that only treated behaviors change |
