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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Validity
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truth and legitimacy
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Threats to validity
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barriers between us and the truth
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Construct validity
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labeling
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Measurement validity
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accuracy of measurement
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Internal Validity
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how well the relationship found in the study reflects the truth of the sample of participants
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external validity
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how well the results derived from a sample reflect the truth about the target population
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history
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a threat to external and internal validity; events that occur during the time of the study
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attrition
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participants leaving the study before the study was completed
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regression to the mean
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extreme versions of phenomenon tend to become less extremeover time; internal validity
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maturation
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participants matured during the study; internal validity
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Selection
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some people may influence their chances of being selected.
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control
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any design feature or procedures used to counteract the threats to validity
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control is directed to what 3 aspects of a study
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1. Sampling - on that is true/valid of the target population
2. Assignment - test the efficacy of a new form of treatment 3. Measurement |
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contraint
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the amount of autonomy a participant has during the course of of the study
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designs
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the blueprint of a study
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Quasi-experimental
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test/describe presumed cause and effect relationships between naturally occurring phenomena.
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Experimental
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test/describe presumed cause and effect relationships between manipulated variables and outcomes
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Random Sampling
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how your draw the people for your study; threat to external validity
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Random Assignment
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how you randomly assigned your selection to groups; threat to internal validity
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Scale of Measurement
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No Oils In Rivers
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Nominal Scale
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responses are names or categories; hard to make comparisons; is not in order
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Ordinal Scale
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ordered; responses ranged from least to most satisfied; allows comparisons; fail to capture important info
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Interval
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order is numerical; intervals are on a scale; zero does not mean the absence of something
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Ratio
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order is numerical; intervals are on a scale; sero means the absent of something
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Type 1 error
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rejected the null hypothesis when it was true; p-value is set in advanced; not affected by sample size
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alpha level
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cut off used to judge the p-value
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Type 2 error
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failed to reject the null hypothesis tested when a given alternative hypothesis was true
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p-value
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used to determine if there is a difference; the probability of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis if is in fact true
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small p-values
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suggests that the null hypothesis is unlikely to be true; p<.05 will reject the null hypothesis
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high p-values
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p>.05 we fail to reject the null hypothesis *The difference is significantly significant
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central tendency
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estimate of the center of a distribution of values
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mean
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the average
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mode
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the number that you see the most
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median
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the number in the middle
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standard deviation
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desribes how the standard amount variables differ from the mean; variability
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frequency distribution
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variability
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nominal
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mode; frequency; bar chart and stem & leaf plot
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ordinal
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mode; range (variance); stem & leaf plot
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interval
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mean, median, and mode; variance (range) or standard deviation; histogram, boxplot or stem & leaf plot
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ratio
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mean, median, and mode; variance (range) or standard deviation; histogram, boxplot or stem & leaf plot
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central tendency
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estimate of the center of a distribution of values
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mean
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the average
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mode
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the number that you see the most
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median
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the number in the middle
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standard deviation
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desribes how the standard amount variables differ from the mean; variability
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frequency distribution
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variability
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nominal
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mode; frequency; bar chart and stem & leaf plot
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ordinal
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mode; range (variance); stem & leaf plot
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interval
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mean, median, and mode; variance (range) or standard deviation; histogram, boxplot or stem & leaf plot
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ratio
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mean, median, and mode; variance (range) or standard deviation; histogram, boxplot or stem & leaf plot
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T-test
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assesses whether the mean of two groups are statistically different from each other (interval and ratio variable); group difference
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ANOVA
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same as t-test but with more than 2 groups; measures the difference between control and experimental group simultaneously; measures the different correlations; employ a nominal scale and predict a interval and ratio outcome
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correlation
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indicates the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two random variables; linear association
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chi-test
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use to test the association between two or more nominal scale variables; no cause and effect
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