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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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measurement validity
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*How well an empirical indicator and the conceptual definition of the construct that the indicator is supposed to measure "fit" together.
p.123 |
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face validity
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*a type of measurement validity *in which an indicator "makes sense" as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others, especially those in the scientific community.
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content validity
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*measurement validity that requires that a measure represent all the aspects of the conceptual definition of a construct.
p.123 |
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concurrent validity
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*measurement validity that relies on a preexisting and already accepted measure to verify the indicator of a construct.
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predictive validity
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*measurement validity that relies on the occurrence of a future event or behavior that is logically consistent to verify the indicator of a construct.
p.124 |
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With what kind of research are holistic findings sought?
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Qualitative!
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What is the specific value on a variable called?
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An attribute!
*stays constant! |
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What are 2 traits of variables that should always be achieved?
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Mutually exclusive and exhaustive
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Who should you always be thinking about in your study?
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your audience & readers
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What are the things needed to establish causality?
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look & email her if you can't find this----jeopardy question
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What takes advantage of differences in intensity among the indicators of a variable?
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scales
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What aims to develop a body of general knowledge for the understanding of human social behavior by means of a combination of empirical enquiry and application of theory?
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Basic research
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Applied research v. basic research
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applied-narrowly constrained, primary concern is with one answer, goal is to have practical uses for results
basic-intrinsically satisfying, research problems are selected with freedom, goal is to contribute to basic, theoretical knowledge |
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What is it called when theory comes before the evidence?
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deductive reasoning
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What is a variable the researcher manipulates?
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independent variable
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What does "Post hoc ergo propter hoc" mean?
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"After it, therefore, because of it"
*Pointing out the fallacy in the stating that "Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one." |
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What is creswell's definition of quantitative research?
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"an inquiry into a social or human problem based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory hold true." John W. Creswell Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
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What are the different parts of a theory?
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*Assumption, Concepts, and Relationships
*mnemonic: CAR *p.28-32 |
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What is the relationship between two variables called?
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A hypothesis
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What is a research question?
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*a question that specifically states what the researcher will attempt to answer
(Wiki) |
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What occurs when we take a hypothesis, i.e. violence causes further violence...
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Operationalization
*The process of moving from the conceptual definition of a construct to a set of specific activities or measures that allow a researcher to observe it empirically. |
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What involves observations of and interactions with people or groups being studies in the groups' own environment?
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Ethnographic research
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What offers an argument or observation about the literature on your topic?
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Literature Review Thesis Statement
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What is it called to develop tentative theories/conjectures?
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Exploratory research
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Survey/Interview research
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*quantitative
*social research in which one systematically asks many people the same questions, then records and analyzes their answers |
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What is a tendency of people to favor information that confirms their hypotheses and beliefs?
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Confirmation bias (aka Selection bias)
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Refers to whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized psychological scientific construct (e.g., "fluid intelligence") that it purports to measure
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Construct validity
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In-depth interviews
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*a type of survey research
*qualitative *a short-term, secondary social interaction between two strangers with the explicit purpose of one person's obtaining specific info from the other. p.197 BSR |
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You'll find that better reason when you can ask a question whose answer solves a problem...
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...that you convince readers to care about!
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Some questions raise problems, others don't.
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A question raises a problem if not answering it keeps us from knowing something more important than its answer.
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If a writer asks no specific question worth asking, he can offer no specific answer ...
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...worth supporting!
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Start with the standard journalistic questions: who, what, when, and where, but focus on
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how and why!
5 W's and an H! |
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What should you ask of your topic?
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*how it's categorized
*what if? *questions suggested by your sources |
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What are your aims to explain in your paper?
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*What you are writing about
*What you don't know about *Why you want your reader to know and care about it |
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What are some relationships that appear plausible, but may indeed be false called?
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spurious relationship
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Minimize bias
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*design your research project to be as neutral as possible
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What are the factors believed to influence the project's dependent variable?
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independent variables
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What is the topic?
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your dependent variable
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What are informed guesses about how the world works stated in a value-neutral form?
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a hypothesis
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What are causal hypotheses characteristics?
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*At least 2 variables
*Express a causal (or) cause & effect relationship between variables *It can be expressed as a prediction or expected outcome *logically linked to a research question & theory *it's falsifiable--->testable against empirical evidence to be false/true |
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Your hypothesis will be the _________ of your dependent variable.
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explanation
[include an example!] |
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What is it called when there is no relationship between the two variables?
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null hypothesis
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What is it called when you don't know or won't speculate about the direction of the relationship between two variables?
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nondirectional hypothesis
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What is it called when you "state the direction of the relationship between 2 variables"?
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directional hypothesis
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What is a variable?
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*any entity than can take on different attributes
*something that can change *usually represent persons or objects that can be manipulated, controlled, or merely measured for the sake of research *aren't always quantitative or numerical! |
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Variable vs. Attributes
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Primary Debates & Voter Opinion
H1: A good performance in a debate will improve public opinion of the candidate. [performance & public opinion are your variables] Your level from 1-Hate to 5-Love, are your attributes |
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What 3 types of variables are there?
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*independent variable
*dependent variable *control variable |
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What are your independent and dependent variables in this sentence?
"The speed at which Ron walks, determines the time it takes him to get home." |
speed at which Ron walks-independent
time it takes him to get home-dependent |
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Midterm
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*essay
*definitions+significance *analyze a research paper *2days left |
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Which research is more flexible; qual. or quant.?
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Qualitative research
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What is meant by approach?
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*The whole design including: assumptions, the process of inquiry, the type of data collected, and the measuring of findings
*not about methods, but about way we approach research |
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What is a quantitative approach?
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*A formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world
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What is the purpose of a quantitative approach?
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*to describe variables
*to examine the relationships among variables *to determine cause-and-effect interaction between variables |
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What is the main feature of quantitative research?
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*described as producing generalizable findings through randomization and representative sampling
*However, a random representative sample isn't necessary |
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What do you ensure in a quantitative study?
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*That you are studying not "what ought to be", but rather, "what is"
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What is quantitative research?
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*Explaining phenomenon by collecting numerical data that are analyzed by using mathematically-based methods
*studies the relationship between concepts and variables--i.e. the relation between violent tv and a child's level of violence, or, grades and hours spent studying in the library |
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Quantitative research is similar to traditional scientific methods in what ways?
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*stating in advance the hypotheses and research question
*determine the methods of data collection and analysis *the findings are presented in statistical language |
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What instruments are used in quantitative research?
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*Attitudes
*Beliefs *Knowledge mnemonic: BAK |
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What is the goal of quantitative research?
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*prediction, control, confirmation, test hypothesis
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What is the process of quantitative approach?
note: Def on midterm! |
1. Theory
2. Hypothesis & Background Research 3. Research Data 4. Devise Measures of Concepts 5. Select subject, respondents, site (this is your data) 6. Administer research instruments 7. Collect Data 8. Process Data 9. Analyze Data 10. Write up conclusions |
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What are different approaches to quantitative research?
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*Descriptive research-tells things as they are now
*inferential research-trying to explain something.... *correlational research-examines the connection between two or more variables (correlation is not causation) *cause comparative research-cause/effect relationship |
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What are the methods of quantitative research?
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*Surveys/focus groups
*experiment *content analysis p.108 |
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What are advantages of quantitative research?
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*Provides estimates of populations at large
*indicates the extensiveness of attitudes held by people *provides results which can be condensed statistics *allows for statistical comparison between various groups *has precision, is definitive, is standardized |
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What are the limitations of quantitative research?
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*categories that are used might not reflect the data
*theories might not reflect the data *knowledge produced might be too abstract and general *confirmation bias |
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Confirmation bias
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*Might miss a phenomena occurring because of the focus on theory or hypothesis testing rather than on theory or hypothesis generation.
*English: ignoring some data because you want to find a certain result. |
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What is the qualitative approach?
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*an approach which seeks to understand, by means of exploration; human experience, perception, motivations, intentions, and behavior
*it is interactive, inductive, flexible, holistic, and reflexive method of data collection and analysis |
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What are the main features of qualitative research?
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*exploration: in order to understand the actions and effects of the participants, discover behaviors, customs
*inductive approach: go from big to little, general to specific *interactive and reflective: relatable to persons in your study *holistic: to come from every angle *flexible: imaginative, creative *HI-FIE mnemonic |
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What is the inductive approach?
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*go from general to specific
*gathering evidence to piece a case together (Risoli & Isle) |
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If you're going to be a part of your study, your going to affect it.
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NO MATTER WHAT
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What are some common qualitative research characteristics?
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*Purpose: Understanding
*Reality: Dynamic *Viewpoint: That of an insider *Focus: Holistic *Data: Subjective *Conditions: Naturalistic *Results: Valid Pick four: Dr. Focused Reality mnemonic |
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What people perceive it to be
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reality
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What are common approaches to quantitative research?
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*ethnography: collection of data in the natural environment
*phenomenology: focuses on individuals' interpretation *discourse analysis: used to describe the systems we use in communication--i.e. tone, timing of voice, language *grounded theory: inductive approach mnemonic: E's GDP |
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What are common methods of qualitative research?
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*Participant observation
*In-depth interviews *Focus groups |
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What is the process of qualitative research?
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1. General Research Questions
2. Select Test Subject 3. Collect Data 4. Interpret Data |
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What are advantages of qualitative research?
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*produces more in-depth comprehensive info
*uses subjective info and observation to describe the context of the variables under consideration *it seeks a wide understanding of the entire situation |
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What are limitations of qualitative research?
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*it is anecdotal
*unscientific *subjective *produces findings that are not generalizable |
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What are reasons to do a qualitative study [instead of quant.]?
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*to generate new theories or hypotheses
*to achieve a deep understanding of an issue *to trade detail for generalizability |
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Qualitative v. Quant Data
(sum each up in three ways) |
Qualitative: 1)deals with descriptions 2)data can be observed, not measured 3)quality
Quantitative: 1)deals with numbers 2)data can be measured 3)quantity |
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What is a mixed-methods approach?
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*It is to combine qualitative and quantitative methods to generate mixed methods
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What are the six core characteristics of a mixed-method approach?
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1) The collection of both qual. & quant. data
2)The analysis of both qual. & quant. data 3) Persuasive and rigorous procedures for the qual. & quant. methods 4)The integration of these 2 data sources 5) The use of a specific mixed methods design that involves a concurrent or sequential integration 6)An approach to research that has a philosophical foundation |
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What is the purpose of writing a literature review?
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*A critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out
*to provide background information *to establish importance *to demonstrate familiarity *to "carve out a space" for further research |
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Critical Lit Review
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*What's valid? What's not?
*What has and hasn't been written? *Debates on current lit? *The point of your research is TO ADD to the knowledge base of your topic |
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What are characteristics of effective lit reviews?
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*outlining important research trends
*assessing the strengths and weakness of existing research *identifying potential gaps in knowledge *establishing a need for current/future research projects *Think of lit review as a conversation among scholars at a party... |
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What are the steps for writing a lit review?
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1. Planning
2. Reading and Research 3. Analyzing 4. Drafting 5. Revising |
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Identifying a focus of your lit review answers...
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...what is the specific thesis, problem, or research questions that my lit review defines?
Focus helps: *sort and categorize info *eliminate irrelevant info |
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What Sources can I use for my lit review?
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*RELIABLE sources, such as scholarly studies
*browse papers that are by other researchers associated with your project's dependent variable *not all sources are created equal |
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Judging the World Wide Web
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*be especially wary
*do not use studies done by organizations (becuz they could be biased) *Web sites rarely present peer-reviewed info *do not use newspaper or magazine articles |
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Backward-mapping for sources
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*rely on the work of others for your guide-->not your work!
*most journal articles are heavily weighted with the work of other scholars *FIND A FEW (NOT JUST ONE) JOURNAL articles on your topic and use the biographies as your guide |
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A lit review: Comparison and Critique
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*Evaluates the strength and weaknesses of the work
--How do the diff. studies relate? --What views need further testing? |
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Analysis: Putting it all together
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Are these studies:
*best understood when organized by TOPIC *demonstrate the topic's chronological development-CHRONOLOGICAL *show an ongoing debate-DEBATE *center on a "seminal" study or studies-SEMINAL mnemonic: DC ST. |
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What does the thesis statement of your lit review do?
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*it offers an argument and critical assessment about the literature
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What is a measurement procedure?
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*a set of specific operations that indicate the presence of an abstract idea in an observable reality
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What does quantitative measurement consist of?
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*it follows a deductive approach
*starts with an abstract concept *create empirical measure that precisely and accurately capture the concept *must be in #'s form |
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What reasoning goes from abstract theory to evidence?
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deductive reasoning
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What reasoning goes from evidence to theory?
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inductive reasoning
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What does qualitative measurement consist of?
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*ways to capture and express concepts using alternatives to #'s
*creating new concepts or theories at the same time we measure *integrate measurement with data collecting and theorizing *inductive reasoning |
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What are the parts of the measurement process?
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Conceptualization & Operationalization
(is it just these 2??) |
