Research Methods In Psychology Chapter 1

Front 1

Intuition, Authority, Rationalism, Empiricism

Back 1

Methods of Acquiring Knowledge

Front 2

Intuition

Back 2

The idea that someone has knowledge because they "feel" they have it

Front 3

Authority

Back 3

Gaining knowledge through having a trusted leader give it

Front 4

Rationalism

Back 4

The acquisition of knowledge by reasoning

Front 5

Empiricism

Back 5

The acquisition of knowledge through prior experience

Front 6

Tabula Rasa

Back 6

"Blank Slate," the idea that we are all born blank and learn all knowledge empirically following that

Front 7

Rene Descartes (1956 - 1650)

Back 7

A philosopher famous for rationalising, and the phrase "I think, therefore I am."

Front 8

John Locke (1632 - 1704) and David Hume (1711 - 1776)

Back 8

Argued that all knowledge was gained through experience (empiricism)

Front 9

Associationism

Back 9

One of the first schools of Psychology, the idea that associated ideas are the basis of thought and learning

Front 10

Natural Philosophers

Back 10

The original name for early Psychologists

Front 11

Social Loafing

Back 11

The phenomena that in a group, people will exert less effort that if they were alone.

Front 12

Induction

Back 12

A reasoning process that goes from a specific idea to a generalization. Bottom Up Reasoning

Front 13

Deduction

Back 13

A reasoning process that goes from a generalized idea to a specific one. Top Down Reasoning.

Front 14

Hypothesis Testing

Back 14

The process of testing a predicted relationship by making observations and then comparing those with the suggested prediction

Front 15

Logical Positivism

Back 15

A philosophical idea that verifying hypotheses is the main way to conduct science

Front 16

Falsificationism

Back 16

An approach to science that suggests proving hypothesis false is the proper way to conduct science

Front 17

Karl Popper (1902 - 1994)

Back 17

The main man behind Falsificationism

Front 18

Duhem-Quine Principle

Back 18

The idea that a hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from outside assumptions, the world is not a vacuum.

Front 19

Naturalism

Back 19

Science should be studied empirically, and constantly evaluated. It is always changing, and no theory should ever be held as truly right.

Front 20

Foundational Epistemology

Back 20

The idea that knowledge can ever be fully certain, and is a matter of deductive reasoning

Front 21

Empirical Adequacy

Back 21

Theories must fit what we know is true empirically, both past present and future.

Front 22

Thomas Kuhn (1922 - 1996)

Back 22

Suggested the idea that science goes through periods of normal and revolutionary science.

Front 23

Normal Science

Back 23

The period mature science is in the most, theory and testing occurs.

Front 24

Paradigm

Back 24

The "norm" of beliefs and thoughts through which reality is interpreted

Front 25

Revolutionary Science

Back 25

The period of science that occurs when too many anomalies pop up and the paradigm shifts

Front 26

Paul Feyerabend (1924 - 1994)

Back 26

Suggested an anarchist theory of science

Front 27

Anarchist Theory of Science

Back 27

The idea that no one method of science is better- "anything goes" for methodology and science is too strict as is

Front 28

Uniformity in Nature, Reality is Real, Discoverability

Back 28

Basic Assumptions in Science

Front 29

Uniformity in Nature

Back 29

The idea that there is a level of regularity in nature

Front 30

Determinism

Back 30

The belief that mental processes are caused by prior natural causes- no free will

Front 31

Probabilistic Causes

Back 31

A weaker form of determinism that allows for some irregularity to occur

Front 32

Reality in Nature

Back 32

The idea that reality- what we sense feel and know- is real.

Front 33

Discoverability

Back 33

The idea that we can find the solution to the problem being researched

Front 34

Controlled, Operationalistic, Replicatable

Back 34

Characteristics of Scientific Research

Front 35

Control (as characteristic)

Back 35

The act of controlling variables in research to (mostly) isolate the cause and effect of a phemomena

Front 36

Operationalism

Back 36

The act of breaking down a construct into a set of operations. (Eg. A good person is a person who helps others, is not selfish, etc etc... we define a good person through those operations)

Front 37

Percy Bridgman (1882 - 1961)

Back 37

The founder of operationalism

Front 38

Operational Definition

Back 38

Defining a concept by the operationalism

Front 39

Donald Campbell (1916 - 1996)

Back 39

A major critic of operationalism

Front 40

Replication

Back 40

The reproduction of results from one study in multiple studies

Front 41

Multiple Operationalism

Back 41

Using multiple measures to represent an idea

Front 42

Operationalization

Back 42

Campbell's term for an operational definition

Front 43

Meta Analysis

Back 43

A technique that combines data from multiple studies to better describe a relationship between two variables.

Front 44

Theory

Back 44

An explanation of how and why something occurs

Front 45

Logic or Context of Discovery

Back 45

The inductive part of the scientific process

Front 46

Logic or Context of Justification

Back 46

The deductive theory-testing part of the scientific process

Front 47

Curious, Patient, Objective, Open minded

Back 47

The roles of a scientist in Research

Front 48

Describe, Explain, Predict, Control

Back 48

Objectives of Research

Front 49

Psuedoscience

Back 49

Science that fails to follow proper methodology to prove a hypothesis that would otherwise be false