Research Methods Final

Front 1

6 Ways of acquiring knowledge?

Back 1

SATIRE
Science
Authority
Tenacity
Intuition
Rationalism
Empiricism

Front 2

Three conditions to establish causality?

Back 2

Time order relationship, covariation, elimination of alternative explainations

Front 3

5 types of research from low to high restraint

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Naturalistic
case study
correlational
differential
experimental

Front 4

Three goals of the scientific method?

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Description, prediction, understanding

Front 5

What are facts?

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Events that can be directly, emperically, and repeatedly observed

Front 6

What are constructs?

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Analogies for facts, non observable events that are constructed by the researchers and that have no objective existence of their own.

Front 7

What are theories?

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A formalized set of concepts that organize empirical observations and predicts and explains phenomena

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Increasing control over the conditions and methods of acquiring data results in a decrease in...

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flexibility

Front 9

Levels of constraint refers to...

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the degree to which the researcher imposes limits or controls on any part of the research

Front 10

Classified on the basis of their nature in research, _________ include factors that have an actual potential effect on an organisms behavior or response?

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Stimulus variables

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__________ variables include those that involve overt or observable behavior or response

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Behavioral variables

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These types of variables include characteristics of the organisms being observed, the participants of the research...

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Organismic variables

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In reference to the use of these variables in psychological research, it has been stated that researchers usually seek to control the __________ and observe or measure the __________

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stimulus variables, behavioral variables

Front 14

Variables manipulated by researcher?

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Independent Variables

Front 15

Variables that comprise the participants response, the behavior that is measured?

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Dependent Variables

Front 16

What is the relationship between the IV and DV?

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A change in the IV causes a change in the DV

Front 17

Research involves behaviors that are not of theoretical interest, these unaccounted for factors are called

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extraneous variables

Front 18

What are constraints?

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The procedures we use to reduce the effects of the factors

Front 19

Measurement error is particularly likely when using self report data, where the is the potential of response set biases. One type of such biases include yea saying, or agreeing with the statement regardless of the content. What is this called?

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Response Acquiscence

Front 20

What is it called when the participants answer in an uncommon direction regardless of the content?

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Response Deviation

Front 21

This is when the participants respond in a way that they believe is acceptable socially

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Social Desirability

Front 22

One way to accomplish measurement error?

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Develops OD's that precisely state exactly how the measurement should be taken

Front 23

OD's serve three useful functions, what are they?

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eliminate source of measurement error, increase reliability, provide consistency, facilitate replication

Front 24

Reliability in one word?

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Consistency

Front 25

This involves using two different observers to measure the same phenomena?

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Interrater Reliability

Front 26

The split half method of reliability is what type of reliability?

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Interitem Reliability

Front 27

What are the measures of variability?

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Range, Variance (average squared deviation from the mean), Standard deviation (square root of the variance)

Front 28

The null hypothesis states that....

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there will be no effects of the manipulation, there will be no relationship, there will be no difference

Front 29

Inferential statisitics are used to test the null hypothesis. Essentially, we are testing the probability of obtaining the ___________ given that the null hypothesis is _______

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Sample mean, true

Front 30

Threats to internal validity?

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testing, regression to the mean, maturation, instrumentation, selection, history, diffusion, sequence effects, attrition, compensatory rivalry, compensatory equalization, resentful demoralization.

Front 31

Several considerations concerning correlational research were discussed in class, which of the following is not true concerning correlational research:

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CORRELATIONS NEVER USE ANY TYPE OF MANIPULATION

Front 32

A SPURIOUS relationship exists when

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A THIRD VARIABLE MAY EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES OF THE INTEREST

Front 33

What does the correlation coefficient show?

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BOTH THE DIRECTION AND STRENGTH OF THE RELATIONSHIP

Front 34

Certain conditions must be met to use the Pearson Product coefficient, these conditions are:

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Interval level data, linear relationship, NORMAL distribution

Front 35

The conditions to be met for the spearman rank order correlation are:

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ordinal level of measurement, linear relationship, non-normal distribution

Front 36

The type of correlation conducted when we want to control for a known confounding variable by removing the effects of this variable from the relationship between the two primacy variables of interest are known as:

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PARTIAL CORRELATION

Front 37

With correlation research two effects need to be controlled. One of these is known as _____________, which is the tendency of investigators to see what they expect to see, which can be controlled by _____________

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EXPERIMENTERAL EXPECTANCY EFFECTS, USING OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENTS

Front 38

The other effect is known as ______________ which is then tendency of investigators to influence the behaviors of the participants, which can be controlled by ______________________.

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EXPERIMENTER REACTIVITY, USING TWO INDEPENDENT OBSERVERS.

Front 39

What distinguishes differential research from true experiments is that with differential research we are observing two or more groups that are differentiated on the basis of some _______________

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PREXISTING VARIABLE

Front 40

As a result of the variable identified in the question above, differential research uses IV’s that are ___________ and assignment to groups that is _____________

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NONMANIPULATED, NOT RANDOM

Front 41

Creating cohorts and following them longitudinally this type of study is called a....

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CROSS SEQUENTIAL DESIGN

Front 42

Confounding variable hypothesis called the confounding variable hypothesis states that the observed differences may be due to extraneous factors. This hypothesis is different than the above hypothesis in that:

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RATHER THAN TESTING THIS HYPOTHESIS DIRECTLY WE ENSURE THAT THE CONFOUNDING VARIABLES HAVE BEEN CONTROLLED.

Front 43

The obtained p value the probability of the finding, concerns the __________ of the data not the ___________ of the data

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RARITY, STRENGTH

Front 44

Several different types of validity were discussed in class. ______________ refers to whether the findings were due to some systematic factor or due to chance variations in the data.

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STATISTICAL VALIDITY

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Another type of validity is ____________. Which concerns how well the results of the research support the theory behind the research.

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CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

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_____________ concerns the demonstration of causality. Essentially, this type of validity concerns whether the IV and not some confounding variable is responsible for the results.

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INTERNAL VALIDITY

Front 47

Several different general control procedures were discussed. One of these involved the structuring of the research setting so as to eliminate confounding variables this procedure specifically addresses internal and external validity. This procedure is known as __________________

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PREPARATION OF THE SETTING

Front 48

Another type of general control procedures involves the selection and preparation of the instruments to be used to measure the variables and specifically addresses statistical and construct validity this procedure is known as ______________.

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RESPONSE MEASUREMENT

Front 49

Several controls over subject and experimenter effects were discussed. These include all of the following except _____________

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REPLICATION.

Front 50

Regarding procedures of blinding, in the type of study known as an open label study:

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NO ONE IN THE EXPERIMENT IS BLIND AS TO THE ASSIGNMENT OF THE PARTICIPANTS

Front 51

Several different types types of populations were discussed. One type refers to the entire set of individuals, The large population of individuals or whatever is of interest. This is known as the ___________

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GENERAL POPULATION.

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Another type of population is the part of the target population that researchers do have access to, and from which they draw their sample. This is known as the ______________________

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ACCESSIBLE POPOULATION

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Since researchers can rarely study entire populations they draw samples from these populations. There is a relationship between the size of the sample and the representativeness of that sample such that the larger the sample the more representative, this is because larger samples: ________________________

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REDUCE SAMPLING ERROR.

Front 54

What involves drawing a sample so that every member of the sample has an equal chance of being selected and the selections do not affect each other?

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RANDOM SAMPLING

Front 55

What draws samples from sub populations on the basis of some population characteristic that we think may influence the data.

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STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

Front 56

What are samples of convenience.

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AD HOC

Front 57

Different types of variance were discussed. _____________________ is the variance between the groups than results from the manipulation of the independent variable. This type of variance is known as experimental variance.

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SYSTEMATIC BETWEEN GROUPS VARIANCE

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_____________________ results from random factors that affect some subjects in a group more than other. This is also known as error variance.

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NONSYSTEMATIC WITHIN GROUPS VARIANCE

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One of these types of variance is planned. It is the type of variance that we have predicted and are specifically testing. This type of variance is....

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SYSTEMATIC BETWEEN GROUPS VARIANCE

Front 60

Variance due to sampling errors is called what?

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ERROR VARIANCE

Front 61

The two main differences between non experimental and experimental designs is that....

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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS USE CONTROL GROUPS AND RANDOMIZATION.

Front 62

Is the following statement true or false: Correlated groups designs are actually more sensitive than between groups designs:

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TRUE

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Is the following statement true or false: with correlated groups design the subjects actually serve as their own controls, thus, a separate control group is not used:

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TRUE

Front 64

One of the strengths of the correlated groups design, as compared to a between subjects design is:

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THEIR POWER TO ASSURE GROUP EQUIVALENCY

Front 65

Which of the following indicates another strength of correlated groups designs:

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BOTH B and C ) FEWER PARTICIPANTS ARE REQUIRED and THEY ARE MORE EFFICIENT

Front 66

Matched subjects designs may be considered a marriage between which two types of designs:

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BETWEEN SUBJECTS and WITHIN SUBJECTS

Front 67

Assuming the main effect for emotion was significant, which of the following statistical tests could could be used to compare groups:

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PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST

Front 68

Which of the following statistical tests would I use to analyze the study:

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MIXED FACTORAL ANOVA

Front 69

Knew the ages of the confound that wanted to control, which of the stats tests would you use to remove the effects of age to control for the effects of age in the analysis?

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ANCOVA

Front 70

Brick test

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MANOVA

Front 71

Wanted to control for the affects of age and had two dependent measure to analyze using a single statistical test?

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MANCOVA

Front 72

Which of the following best defines what an interaction is?

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THE EFFECT OF ONE IV on the DV and THE EFFECT OF ONE FACTOR IS SYSTEMATICALLY INFLUENCED BY A SECOND FACTOR

Front 73

Holding the variable constant will control for what?

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PRACTICE EFFECTS

Front 74

RANDOMIZATION TO VARY ORDER OF PRESENTATION WILL CONTROL FOR

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CARRYOVER EFFECTS

Front 75

USE OF EQUIVALENT, ALTERNATE FORMS WILL CONTROL FOR

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PRACTICE EFFECTS

Front 76

INSTITUTING A REST PERIOD WILL CONTROL FOR

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PRACTICE EFFECTS

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COUNTERBALANCING TO CARY ORDER OF PRESENTATION WILL CONTROL FOR

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CARRYOVER EFFECTS