Research Methods Exam 3 Identifications

Front 1

What are four advantages for Single-Subject Research?

Back 1

1. Focusing in Individual Performance
2. Focusing on Big Effects
3. Avoiding Ethical and practical problems (if subject has life threatening condition and not giving treatment could be considered unethical everyone is given treatment and evaluated from single-participant standpoint. Also used if enough participants can’t be located for group study)
4. Flexibility in Designs

4.

Front 2

What are two disadvantages of Single-Subject Research?

Back 2

1. Some effects are small relative to amount of variability in the situation making it impossible to control the other sources of variability sufficiently to observe the experimental effect in one subject.
2. Some experimental effects are by definition between-subjects effects

Front 3

What is Clinical Significance?

Back 3

The practical importance of a result

Front 4

What is Statistical Significance?

Back 4

The likelihood that a finding or a result is caused by something other than just chance

Front 5

How do you obtain a stable baseline?

Back 5

1. Behavior before manipulation must be measured over a long enough time span to obtain a stable baseline against which later behavior can be measured
2. Evaluation of a treatment’s effect can occur only if baseline measurement shows behavior to be either stagnant or changing in direction opposite to predicted treatment effect

Front 6

What two purposes does baseline serve?

Back 6

1. Measures current level of behavior
2. Predicts what behavior would be in future if no treatment were administered

Front 7

What is the single treatment (AB) design?

Back 7

Research that consists of a baseline followed by treatment

Front 8

What is the withdrawal of treatment (ABA) design?

Back 8

A baseline is established, treatment is given, and then treatment is withdrawn to see if subject returns to baseline.

Front 9

What is a disadvantage of AB design?

Back 9

You don't know if other variables that coincidentally occurred at the same time caused the effect you're seeing.

Front 10

What are 2 disadvantage of ABA design?

Back 10

1. Effect of manipulation may not be fully reversible
2. You may not want to return subject to original state, but rather leave them in new condition

Front 11

What is the repeated treatments or reversal design (ABAB)?

Back 11

Research where baseline is found, a treatment is introduced, removed, and reinstated.

Front 12

What is the interaction design?

Back 12

A design establishes a baseline, introduces a treatment, removes it, reinstates it, adds another treatment, removes the second treatment, and then reinstates it.

Front 13

What are advantages of AB design?

Back 13

Allows for medical practitioners to continue effective treatment without having to withdraw it.

Front 14

What is a multiple baseline design?

Back 14

Several baselines are found and measured. A treatment for one baseline is introduced, then a treatment for the second baseline is introduced, then a treatment for third baseline is introduced.

Front 15

What is a changing criterion design?

Back 15

A research participant is given a target behavior and then the target behavior is changed over time to some new criterion.

Front 16

What three stipulations of an IV might lead to a Quasi-experiment?

Back 16

1. The IV is a subject variable (gender, height, personality)
2. IV is an environmental event (natural disasters, major accidents)
3. IV is passage of time (when comparing age groups)

Front 17

When do quasi-experiments occur?

Back 17

When one or more of true experiment requirements aren't present
1. No Random Assignment
2. No control groups
3. No manipulation of IVs

Front 18

When is a changing criterion design used and why?

Back 18

When behavior change is irreversible or when a return to initial baseline isn’t desirable. Shows that manipulation caused the behavior change.

Front 19

When is an advantage of multiple-baseline design?

Back 19

Allows for several hypotheses to be tested at once.

Front 20

What is a One-group Pre-test Post-test design?

Back 20

Single pre-test measure of one group, and after the treatment a single post-test measure. Doesn't take into account confounding variables

Front 21

What is a nonequivalent control group design?

Back 21

Design that includes an experimental and control group, but subjects aren't randomly assigned to conditions. The control group has subject characteristics and experiences that are different from those of experimental group.

Front 22

What is an interrupted time-series design?

Back 22

Design that allows same group to be compared over time by considering the trend of the data before and after experimental manipulation.

Front 23

What is a multiple interrupted Time-series design?

Back 23

A combination of the interrupted time-series design and the nonequivalent control group design. Multiple groups of subjects with some exposed to treatment and others not exposed.

Or, multiple groups of subjects could be exposed to treatment at different points in time. Allows both between and within-subject comparisons to be made.

Front 24

What is a longitudinal study?

Back 24

Quasi-experimental design in which researcher repeatedly measures a group of subjects in order to observe differences over the course of time.

Front 25

What are advantages of longitudinal studies?

Back 25

1. Keeps subject variables reasonably constant
2. Very effective for developmental studies

Front 26

What are disadvantages of longitudinal studies?

Back 26

1. Subject mortality
2. Possibly carry-over effects
3. Confounded by extraneous events

Front 27

What are cross-sectional designs?

Back 27

Quasi-experiment between-subjects design in which subjects of different ages or at different points in a temporal sequence are compared.

Front 28

What are two advantage to cross-sectional design?

Back 28

1. Easier to conduct that longitudinal studies
2. Can be done in shorter time span than longitudinal

Front 29

What are two disadvantages to cross-sectional designs?

Back 29

1. Other differences between groups confounded with age or amount of experience
2. Cohort effects: age differences are confounded with differences in subject history

Front 30

What is a Cohort or cross-sectional design?

Back 30

A factorial design consisting of a longitudinal study of several groups, each from a different generation. Produces a time-lag effect as well as longitudinal effect and cross-sectional effect.

Front 31

What is program evaluation?

Back 31

The procedures undertaken to evaluate the goals, activities, and outcomes of social programs and policies.

Front 32

What are two general types of Program Evaluation?

Back 32

1. Summative Research (relies on statistical analysis of quantitative data from experimental, quasi-experimental, and survey research designs and used to decide whether existing program should continue)
2. Formative Research (relies on qualitative research and used to form, revise, or improve existing programs

Front 33

What is the Utilitarian view?

Back 33

Judge an action based on consequences/outcomes and how many people will benefit. If ultimately you help more than you harm then it's acceptable.

Front 34

What is the Deontologist view?

Back 34

Ethical approach judging all behavior by some universal code. It is possible to have one set of ethics everyone can follow at all times. It holds hard to the line of ethics.

Front 35

What do Ethical Skeptics believe?

Back 35

Concrete absolute code of ethics can't be created, no universal code so they propose relative standards related to culture and the time. Ethical decisions are made by individuals so you should strive to follow your own ethics and those of your culture.

Front 36

What are the two scientific values that sometimes conflict?

Back 36

1. Scientists must protect the welfare of participants
2. Scientists must conduct research that contributes to the development of knowledge

Front 37

What are 9 questionable practices involving research participants?

Back 37

1. Involving people in research w/o their knowledge or consent.
2. Coercing people to participate
3. Withholding the true nature of the research
4. Deceiving research participants
5. Leading participants to commit acts that diminish their self-respect
6. Exposing participants to physical or mental stress
7. Invading the privacy of participants
8. Withholding benefits from participants in control groups
9. Failing to treat research participants with consideration and respect.

Front 38

What are 6 ways to protect participants from potential harm?

Back 38

1. review of research by IRB
2. Obtain informed consent
3. Debrief participants after the study
4. Honor commitments to participants
5. Maintain anonymity and confidentiality of participants
6. Prevent the misuse of research results

Front 39

What is the difference between animal rights and animal welfare?

Back 39

Animal rights is the notion that animals have the same sort of rights as people (not generally accepted). Animal welfare is the generally accepted term for concerns about care and use of animals.

Front 40

What is Speciesism?

Back 40

Term used by analogy with racism and sexism by those who claim that it is unethical to treat animals differently than humans, particularly in research

Front 41

What is program evaluation?

Back 41

Set of techniques for determining the effectiveness of a social service program.

Front 42

What are 6 sources of resistance to program evaluation?

Back 42

1. Program admin. may feel threatened by formal evaluation of program
2. Staff may fear losing control of the program as result of changes in day-to-day operation of program that occur when evaluation staff/procedures introduced
3. Fear that information will be abused
4. Belief that operation and outcomes of program can't be adequately captured by measures used in formal evaluation
5. Belief that evaluation is pointless b/c program operation may be perceived to be more strongly affected by political considerations
6. Personnel may resent an evaluation that's likely to find only modest improvement over some alternative program

Front 43

What are stakeholders?

Back 43

People in an organization who have a vested interest in the program and stand to gain or lose by the outcome of the evaluation

Front 44

What is the difference between summative and formative evaluations?

Back 44

Summative evaluations look at quality of a project, often after it's completed. Formative looks at ways to improve a project while it's ongoing.

Front 45

What is the time-lag effect?

Back 45

Effect resulting from comparing subjects of the same age at different times in a cross-sequential design

Front 46

What is a mixed factorial design with one nonmanipulated variable?

Back 46

A nonequivalent-control group design, where there is a variable that isn't manipulated.

Front 47

What is a cross-sequential design?

Back 47

Design tests individuals from two or more cohorts at two or more times. Helps separate developmental, cohort, and secular effects.