Research Methods: Chapter 7

Front 1

artifact

Back 1

A specific threat to validity, or a confounded aspect of the scientist's observations

Front 2

between-subject design

Back 2

Statistical designs in which the sampling units are exposed to one treatment each

Front 3

blind experimenters

Back 3

Experimenters who are unaware of which participants recieve the experimental and control treatments

Front 4

confounded

Back 4

Mixed or confused

Front 5

counterbalancing

Back 5

A procedure in which some subjects recieve Treatment A before Treatment B, and the others recieve B before A.

Front 6

covariation

Back 6

The principle that, in order to demonstrate causation, what is labeled as the "cause" should be shown to be positively correlated with what is labeled as the "effect"

Front 7

crossed design

Back 7

Another name for the basic within-subjects design, because the subjects can be said to be corssed by "treatment" conditions.

Front 8

demand characteristics

Back 8

The mixture of various hints and cues that govern the participant's perception of (a) hir or her role as research subject and (b) the experimenter's hypothesis.

Front 9

double-blind procedures

Back 9

Procedures in which niether the experimenter nor the participants know who has been assigned to the experimental control group.

Front 10

efficient cause

Back 10

The propelling or instigating condition (i.e., the X that sets in motion or alters Y).

Front 11

evaluation apprenhension

Back 11

The experience of feeling anxious about being negatively evaluated or not positvely evaluated.

Front 12

expectancy control design

Back 12

An experimental design in which the expectancy variable operates seperately from the independent variable of interst.

Front 13

experimental group

Back 13

A group or condition in which the subjects undergo a manipulation or an intervention.

Front 14

experimenter expectancy effect

Back 14

An experimentter-related artifact that results when the hypothesis held by the experimenter leads unintentionally to behavior toward the subjects that, in turn, increases the likelihood that the hypothesis will be confirmed.

Front 15

factorial design

Back 15

Research design with more than one factor and two or more levels of each factor.

Front 16

final cause

Back 16

The end goal toward which a person or thing presumably tends to strive.

Front 17

formal cause

Back 17

The implicit form or meaning of something.

Front 18

good subject

Back 18

Research participant who seeks to provide responses that will validate the experimenter's hypothesis.

Front 19

history

Back 19

A plausible threat to internal validity when an event or incident that takes place between the premeasurment and the postmeasurement contaminates the results of research not employing randomization.

Front 20

instrumentation

Back 20

A plausible threat to internal validity that occurs when changes in the measuring instrument (e.g., deterioration of the instrument) bias the result of research not using randomization.

Front 21

internal validity

Back 21

The degree of validity of statements made about whther X causes Y.

Front 22

Latin square design

Back 22

A specific repeated measures design with built-in counterbalancing.

Front 23

matching

Back 23

Design methon in which the sampling units are paired on certain relevant variables.

Front 24

material cause

Back 24

The substance cause out of which something is made.

Front 25

maturation

Back 25

A plausible threat to internal validity that occurs when results not using randomization are contaminated by the participants' having grown, for instance, older, wiser, stronger, or more experienced between the pretest and the postest.

Front 26

method of agreement

Back 26

If X, then Y-a statement that implies that X is a sufficient condition of Y.

Front 27

method of difference

Back 27

If not-X, then not-Y a statement that implies that X is a necessare condition of Y.

Front 28

Mill's methods

Back 28

Logical methods (or propositions) popularized by the 19th-century English philosopher J.S. Mill, exemplified by the metho of agreement and the method of difference.

Front 29

necessary condition

Back 29

A requisite or essential condition.

Front 30

nested design

Back 30

Another name for the basic between-subjects design, because the subjects are "nested" within their own treatment conditions.

Front 31

one-group pre-post design

Back 31

A preexperimental design in which the reactions of only one goup of subjects are measured before and after exposure to the treatment.

Front 32

one-shot case study

Back 32

A preexperimental design in which the reactions of only one group of subjects are measured after the event or treatment has occured.

Front 33

placebo

Back 33

The "healing" effects of inert substances or nonspecific treatments.

Front 34

placebo control group

Back 34

A control group that recieves a placebo.

Front 35

placebo effect

Back 35

The "healing" effects of inert substances or nonspecific treatment.

Front 36

preexperimental designs

Back 36

Research designs in which there is such a total absence of control that they are of minimal value in establishing causlity.

Front 37

pretest sensitization

Back 37

The confounding of pretesting and X, the independent variable of interest.

Front 38

pretest-treatment interaction

Back 38

The statistical evaluation of pretest sensitization.

Front 39

quasi-control subjects

Back 39

Research participants who are asked to reflect on the context in which an excperiment is conducted and to speculate on the ways in which the context may influence their own and other subjects' behaviors.

Front 40

random assignment

Back 40

A synonym for randomization.

Front 41

randomization

Back 41

Random allocation of sampling units to treatment conditions.

Front 42

randomized experiments

Back 42

Experimental designs that use randomizations.

Front 43

repeated measures design

Back 43

Statistical design in which the sampling units generate two or more measurments.

Front 44

sampling units

Back 44

The elements that make up the sample.

Front 45

selection

Back 45

A plausible threat to the internal validity of research not using randomization when the kinds of research subjects are selected for one treatment group are different from those selected from another group.

Front 46

Solomon design

Back 46

A four-group experimental design developed by R.L. Solomon as a means of assessing pretest sensitization effects without contamination by pretesting.

Front 47

sufficint condition

Back 47

A condition that is adequate to bring about some effect or result.

Front 48

temporal precedence

Back 48

The principle that what is labeled as the "cause" must be shown to have occured before the "effect."

Front 49

treatments

Back 49

The procedures or conditions of an experiemnt.

Front 50

within-subjects design

Back 50

Statistical design in which the sampling units (e.g., the research participants) generate two or more measurements.