Research Methods Chapter 5

Front 1

Correlational research

Back 1

provides a basis for making predictions. Relationships among naturally occurring variables are assessed with the goal of identifying predictive relationships.

Front 2

Survey research

Back 2

is used to assess people's thoughts, opinions, and feelings. They can be specific and limited in scope or more global in their goals.

Front 3

Population

Back 3

is the set of all cases of interest.

Front 4

Sample

Back 4

The subset of the population actually drawn from the sampling frame.

Front 5

representativeness

Back 5

The ability to generalize from a sample to the population.

Front 6

Selection bias

Back 6

occurs when the procedures used to select the sample result in the overrepresentation of some segment of the population or, conversely, in the exclusion or underrepresentation of a significant segment.

Front 7

non probability sampling

Back 7

no guarantee that each element has some chance of being included and no way to estimate the probability of each element's being included in the sample. (The first 30 student's in a library)

Front 8

probability sampling

Back 8

all have an equal chance of being included in the sample.

Front 9

convenience sampling

Back 9

The most common form of non probability sampling. Selecting respondents primarily on the basis of their availability and willingness to respond.

Front 10

simple random sampling

Back 10

every element has an equal chance of being included in teh sample.

Front 11

stratified random sampling

Back 11

the population is divided into subpopulations called strata and random samples are drawn from each of these strata.

Front 12

response bias

Back 12

is a threat to the representativeness of a sample because not all the respondents complete the survey

Front 13

Interviewer bias

Back 13

occurs when the interviewer records only selected portions of the respondents answers or tried to adjust the wording of a question to fit the respondent.

Front 14

cross-sectional design

Back 14

one or more samples are drawn from the population at one time.

Front 15

successive independent samples design

Back 15

a series of cross-sectional surveys are conducted over time. The samples are independent because a different sample of respondents completes the survey at each point in time. There are two key ingredients: (1) the same set of questions should be asked of each sample of respondents, and (2) the different samples should be drawn from the same population

Front 16

longitudinal design

Back 16

is that the same sample of respondents is surveyed more than once

Front 17

questionnaire

Back 17

the primary research instrument in survey research

Front 18

self report scales

Back 18

are commonly used to measure people's judgments about items presented on the scale and to determine differences among people on some dimension presented on the scale.

Front 19

construct validity

Back 19

a measure represents the extent to which it measures the theoretical construct it is designed to measure.

Front 20

convergent validity

Back 20

when to measures converge, or go together.

Front 21

discriminate validity

Back 21

the second component of construct validity in which lower correlations are found between some measure and a different construct.

Front 22

funnel questions

Back 22

starting with the most general question and moving to more specific questions pertaining to a given topic.

Front 23

filter questions

Back 23

general questions asked of respondents to find out whether they need to be asked more specific questions. For example "Do you own a car?" would precede questions about owning a car.

Front 24

social desirability

Back 24

pressures are strong for people to respond as the should believe and not as they actually believe

Front 25

spurious relationship

Back 25

a correlation that can ve explained by a third variable