Research Methods Ch. 4-6

Front 1

descriptive research methods

Back 1

- research that involves no manipulation of any variables
- naturalistic observation
- choosing behaviors & recording techniques

Front 2

reactivity effect/ reactance/ hawthorne effect

Back 2

when subjects act differently after knowing they are being observed

Front 3

interobserver reliability

Back 3

the extent to which observers agree

Front 4

correlational study

Back 4

determination of the relation between two variables

Front 5

ex post study

Back 5

a study in which the variables to be studied are selected after they have occurred

Front 6

descriptive survey

Back 6

seeks to determine the percentage of the population that has a certain characteristic, holds a particular opinion, or engages in a particular behavior

Front 7

analytic survey

Back 7

seeks to determine the relevant variables and how they are related

Front 8

pilot testing

Back 8

preliminary, exploratory testing that is done prior to the complete research project

Front 9

demographic data

Back 9

info about participants' characteristics such as age, sex, income, and academic major

Front 10

validity

Back 10

the extent to which a test or inventory measures what it is supposed to measure

Front 11

content validity

Back 11

the extent to which test items actually represent the type of material they are supposed to represent

Front 12

interrater reliability

Back 12

degree of agreement among judges concerning the content validity of test or inventory items

Front 13

concurrent validity

Back 13

degree to which the score on a test or inventory corresponds with another measure of the designated trait

Front 14

criterion validity

Back 14

established by comparing the score on a test or inventory with a future score on another test or inventory

Front 15

reliability

Back 15

extent to which a test or inventory is consistent in its evaluation of the same individuals

Front 16

split-half technique

Back 16

determination of reliability by dividing the test or inventory into two subtests and then comparing the scores made on the two halves

Front 17

achievement test

Back 17

designed to evaluate an individual's level of mastery or competence

Front 18

aptitude test

Back 18

designed to assess an individual's potential ability or skill in a particular job

Front 19

personality test or inventory

Back 19

measures a specific aspect of the individual's motivational state, interpersonal capability, or personality

Front 20

random sample

Back 20

a sample in which every member of the population has an equal liklihood of being included

Front 21

random sampling without replacement

Back 21

once chosen, a score, event, or participant cannot be returned to the population to be selected again

Front 22

random sampling with replacement

Back 22

once chosen, a score, event, or participant can be returned to the population to be selected again

Front 23

stratified random sampling

Back 23

random samples are drawn from specific sub-populations or strata of the general population

Front 24

single-strata approach

Back 24

gathering data from a single stratum of the population of interest

Front 25

cross-sectional research

Back 25

comparison of two or more groups during the same, rather limited, time period

Front 26

longitudinal research project

Back 26

obtaining research data from the same group of participants over an extended period of time

Front 27

cohort

Back 27

a group of individuals born during the same time period