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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is emergent design?
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a design that emerges in the field as the study unfolds
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What is a bricoleur?
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a person who is adept at performing a large number of diverse task , ranging from interviewing to intensive reflection and introspection
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Which tradition of qualitative research focuses on the culture of a group of people and relies on extensive fieldwork to attain the data
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ethnography
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Ethnographic research usually includes what in terms of how data is gathered
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participant observation and in depth interviews with key informants
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Ethnographic researchers strive to acquire an emic perspective of a culture rather than an etic perspective. Define emic and etic.
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emic - is the insiders perspective
etic - is the researchers or outsider perspective |
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In ethnography the researcher is the
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instrument used to perform the study
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Ethnographic studied in nursing are sometimes referred to as
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ethnonursing
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institutional ethnographic is
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a focus on the organization of professional services from the perspective of the front line workers or clients
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autoethnographies are
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insider research which focus on the group or culture to which the researcher belongs
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Which type of qualitative research seeks to discover the essence and meaning of a phenomenon as it is experienced by people, mainly through in depth interviews with people who have had relevant experiences
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phenomenology
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What is descriptive phenomenology?
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seeks to describe lived experiences
researchers strive to bracket out preconceived views and to intuit the essence of the phenomenon by remaining open to meaning attributed to it by those who have experience it |
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Bracketing is used by phenomenologist to do what?
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its the process by which researchers can suspend their belief and biases
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What is hermeneutics
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interpretive phenomenology which focuses on interpreting the meaning of experiences rather than just describing them
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Which type of qualitative research aims to discover theoretical precepts grounded in the data.
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Grounded Theory
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in grounded theory researches try to
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account fro peoples action by focusing on the main concern that the behavior is designed to resolve.
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The core variable is
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the manner in which people resolve this main concern (found in grounded theory)
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The goal of grounded theory is
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to discover the main concern (core variable) and the basic social process that explains how people resolve it
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What is constant comparison?
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categories elicited from the data are constantly compared with data obtained earlier
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Who were the original theorist who developed grounded theory?
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Glaser and Strauss
then strauss ditched glaser for Corbin Glaser continue to work on his own |
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Who developed the more recent Constructivist grounded theory and how is it different?
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Charmaz
a method to emphasize interpretive aspects in which the grounded theory is constructed from shared experiences and relationships between the researcher and study participant |
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What type of resarch is the systematic attempt to establish facts and relationships about past events
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historical research
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Historical data are normally subjected to
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external criticism which is concerned with authenticity of the source and internal criticism which assesses the worth of the evidence
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Intensive investigation of a single entity or a small number of entities such as individuals, groups, organizations or communities are known as
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case studies
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case study designs can be
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single, multiple, holistic or embedded
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What is narrative analysis
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focuses on story in studies in which the purpose is to explore how peopl emake sense of event sin their lives
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Which type of study do not fit into any disciplinary tradition?
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descriptive qualitative studies
could also be referred to as just qualitative studies, naturalistic inquiries, qualitative content analyses |
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What is critical theory?
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critique of existing social structure, researchers strive to conduct inquiries that involve collaboration with participants and foster enlightened self knowledge and transformation
ex. critical ethnography applies the principles of critical theory to the study of cultures |
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Feminist research is
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focuses on how gender domination and discrimination shape women's lives and their consciousness
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Participatory action research ...
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produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression by a dominant culture
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what is a convenience sample?
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volunteer sample, people ask to participate in the study
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snowball sampling is
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is when current participants introduce the research to or suggest new participants
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purposive sampling is
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selecting a sample that enhances information richness for the particular research topic
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Categories of purposive sampling are
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sampling for representativeness or comparative value
sampling special or unique cases sampling sequentially |
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maximum variation sampling entails
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purposely selecting cases with a wide range of variation
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when a researcher purposefully reduces variation in a research sample
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homogenous sampling
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selecting a case that illustrate what is typical is
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typical case sampling
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selecting the most unusual or extreme cases
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extreme case sampling
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selecting cases that are intense but not extreme
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intensity sampling
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selecting average , above average and below average cases
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stratified purposeful samping
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selecting cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key infromant
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reputational case samplign
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selecting cases that are especially important or illustrative
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critical case sampling
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studying cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance
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criterion sampling
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identifying and gaining access to a case representing a phenomenon that was previously inaccessible to research scrutiny
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revelatory case sampling
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searching for and selecting or deselecting politically sensitive cases or sites
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sampling politically important cases
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selecting cases based on their representation of important constructs
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theory based sampling
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when a researcher adds cases based on changes in research circumstance or in response to new leads that develop in the field
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opportunistic sampling
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sampling confirming and disconfirming cases is when researchers
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select cases that enrich and challenge the researchers conceptualizations
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data saturation
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point at which no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved
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factors affecting sample size are
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data quality
researcher skills and experience scope and sensitivity of the proble |
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who big of a sample size group do phenomenologists usually use?
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10 or fewer
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In grounded theory the typical group size of participants is?
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20-30 people
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generalizability is a a controversial subject in qualitative research, two types of generalizability used in qualitative research are
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analytic generalization
transferability |
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analytic generalization
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researchers strive to generalize from particulars to broader conceptualizations and theories
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transferability is
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application of finding from one study to another study or different setting or group of people
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researchers must provide what kind of descriptions of their research
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thick
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what is the proximal similarity model
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involves a conceptualization about which contexts are more or less like the one in the study in terms of a gradient of similarity for people, settings, times and contexts
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What is the most frequently used type of data in qualitative studies
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self report with observation as a close second
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"going native" refers to
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a researcher becoming emotionally involved with participants
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conversational discussion on the topic of interest are called
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unstructured interviews
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interviews in which discussion is guided by a topic guide of questions to be asked is called
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semistructured or focused interviews
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discussion with small homogeneous groups is called a
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focus group interview
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an interview when the researcher is talking with two people simultaneously
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join interview
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narratives of a respondents life experience, told chronologically
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life histories
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gathering of personal recollection of events from someone is call an
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oral history
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probes about the circumstances surrounding an incident that is critical to an outcome of interest
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critical incidents interviews
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diaries and journals are way for respondents to
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maintain ongoing records about some aspects of their lives
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method that involves having people use audio recording devices to talk about decisions as they make them
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think aloud method
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interviews stimulated and guided by photographic images
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photo elicitation interviews
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unstructured observational data can be collected through
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participant observation
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different types of observation include
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descriptive observation-- broad
focused observation - focused on event or interaction selective observation - designed to facilitate comparison |
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different methods of observing events
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single position -- fixed location
multiple positioning (moving around to observe from different locations) mobile positioning- following person around |
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major methods of recoding unstructured observational data are
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logs and field notes
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descriptive or observational notes are
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detailed objective accounts of what transpired in an observational session
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reflective notes include
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methodologic notes
theoretical notes/ analytical personal notes |
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methodologic notes
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document observers thoughts about their strategies
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theoretical notes
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represent ongoing effort to make sense of the data
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personal notes
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document observers feeling and experience
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traditional way that researchers organized their data was by developing physical files in which coded excerpts of data relevant to specific categories was placed, these were called
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conceptual files
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themes are
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categories that are found during analysis of data
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themes involve
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commonalities across participants but also natural variation and patterns in the data
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metaphors are used to
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evoke a visual and symbolic analogy
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quasi-statistics are used to
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tabulate the frequency with which certain themes or relations are supported by the data
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when does an ethnographer begin analyzing their data
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as soon as they get into the field
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Spradley's method of ethnographic data analysis involves four levels of analysis:
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domain analysis
taxonomic analysis componential analysis theme analysis |
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domain analysis is
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identifying domains or units of cultural knowledge
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taxonomic analysis is
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selecting key domains and constructing taxonomies
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componential analysis is
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comparing and contrasting terms in a domain
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theme analysis is
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uncovering cultural themes
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What does Leiningers ethnonursing method involve
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four phases:
collecting and recording data categorizing descriptors searching for repetitive patterns abstracting major themes |
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Van Menens approach to to phenomenological analysis involves
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holistic approach
selective approach detailed approach |
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what are hermeneutic circles
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methodoligical process in which there is continual movement between the parts and the whole of the text under analysis
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How does diekelmann's team approach hermeneutic data analysis
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discovery of constitutive patterns that express the relationship among themes
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What was Banners approach to hermeneutic data analysis
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approach consists of three processes:
searching for paradigm cases, thematic analysis and analysis of exemplars |
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What method of analysis does grounded theory use?
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constant comparative method
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Grounded theory data analysis that data should
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fit and not be forced
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Two broad types of codes introduced by Glaser and Strauss
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substantive codes and theoretical codes
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what are substantive codes
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empirical substance of the topic is conceptualized
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what are theoretical codes
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relationships among the substantive codes are conceptualized
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what is open coding
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open coding captured what is going on in the data
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what is selective coding
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only variable relating to a core category are coded
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what are core categories
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behavior patterns that have relevance for participants, is also called basic social process -- involves an evolving process of coping or adaptation
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Glaser and Strauss method of coding includes
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3 levels
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What are the level of glaser and strauss method
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in vivo codes- open codes that collapse into higher levels of abstraction Level II and Level III which are theoretical constructs
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Strauss and Corbins method has what two types of coding
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open coding and axial coding
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what is axial coding
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categories are linked with subcategories and integrated
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Who developed the most-often used framework of quality criteria/ trustworthiness
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Lincoln and Guba
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What are Lincoln and Guba's criteria for evaluating trustworthiness
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credibility
dependability confirmability transferability authenticity |
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Define credibility
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confidence in the truth value of the findings
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define dependability
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refers to the stability of data over time and conditions and is somewhat analogous to reliability in quantitative studies
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define confirmability
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refers to the objectivity or neutrality of the data
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define transferability
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analog of external validity,
the extent to which findings from the data can be transferred to other settings or groups |
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authenticity
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extent to which researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of different realities and convey the feeling tone of lives as they are lived
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What is an alternative framework for representing trustworthiness that involves 10 qualitative validity schemes? What are they?
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Whittemore
4 primary: credibility, authenticity, criticality and integrity 6 secondary: explicitness, vividness, creativity, thoroughness, congruence and sensitivity |
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what is criticality
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researchers critical appraisal of every research decision
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what is integrity
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ongoing self scrutiny to enhance the likelihood that interpretations are valid and grounded in the data
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What is explicitness
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ability to follow the researchers decisions through careful documentation
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vividness is
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rich and vidid descriptiton
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creativity is
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reflects challenges to traditional ways of thinking
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thoroughness is
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comprehensive data and full development of ideas
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congruence is
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interconnectedness between part of the inquiry and the whole
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sensitivity is
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degree to which an inquiry reflects respect and compassion for those being studied
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what is prolonged engagement
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strives for adequate scope of data coverage
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persistent observation is aimed at
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achieving adequate depth, reflixiity, comprehensive and vivid recoding of information, triangulation and member tracking
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triangulation is the process of
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using multiple referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth
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data triangulation is acquiring data from
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multiple sources to validate conclusions
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method triangulation is
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using multiple methods such as interviews and observations to collect data about the same phenomenon
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Member checks is when you ask
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participants to review and react to the study data and emerging themes
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investigator triangulation
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independent coding and analysis of at least a portion of the data by two or more researchers
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theory triangulation is
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use of competing theories or hypothese in the analysis and interpretation of data
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negative case analysis is
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looking for cases that lead to revision of interpretation due to disconfirming evidence
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peer debriefing
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exposing the inquiry to the searching question of peers
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inquiry audit
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is a formal scrutiny of the research
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