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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Determinisim |
events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events. |
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Inductive method |
is an experiment-first-and-explain-later approach. E.g., a scientist would first observe events, then experiment with them, and later arrive at some conclusions regarding those events. |
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Deductive method |
is an explain-first-and-verify-later approach. E.g., a scientist would first make a series of proposals/statements, based on initial observations, but without conducting crucial experiments. |
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Concurrent validity |
a form of criterion-related validity; the degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity. |
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Construct validity |
the degree to which test scores are consistent with theoretical constructs or concepts. |
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Content validity |
a measure of test validity based on a systematic examination of all test items to determine if they correctly sample the full range of skills being tested and if they are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure. |
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Test-retest reliability |
refers to consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same people twice. |
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Split-half reliability |
refers to a measure of internal consistency of a test; shows that the responses to items on the first half of a test are correlated with responses given on the second half. |
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Interobserver/Interjudge reliability |
refers to the extent to which two or more observers agree in measuring an event. |
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Intraobserver/Intrajudge reliability |
refers to the extent to which the same observer repeatedly measures the same event consistently. |
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Experiment |
is a means of establishing cause-effect relationships; test if-then relationships. Involves a controlled condition where an independent variable is manipulated to produce changes in a dependent variable. |
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Independent variable (IV) |
the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter to test its effect on the dependent variable. (In treatment research, all treatments are ______ variables.) |
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Dependent variable (DV) |
the variable that is measured to see how it has changed by manipulations in the independent variable; it is what is being measured in an experiment. (In treatment research, all disorders are ______ variables.) |
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Descriptive research |
the researcher observes the phenomena of interest and records his or her observations. |
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Ex post facto research |
after-the-fact research; the investigators begin with the effect of independent variables that have occurred in the past. |
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Survey research |
assesses some characteristics of a group of people or a particular society; attempt to discover how variables such as attitudes, opinions, or certain social practices are distributed in a population. |
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Developmental/Normative research |
purpose is to measure changes in subjects over time as they mature or get older; the presumed independent variable (IV) is maturation. |
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Correlational research |
the researcher investigates relationships between variables; these studies never lead to cause-effect statements. |
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The closer a number is to +1.0, the _______ and more ______ the relationship. |
stronger and more positive |
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The closer a number is to -1.0, the _______ and more ______ the relationship. |
stronger and more negative |
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Internal validity |
the degree to which data in a study reflect a true cause-effect relationship. |
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External validity |
refers to generalizability; to what settings, populations, treatment variables, and measurement variables the effect can be generalized. A matter of the extent to which the investigator can generalize the study's results to other subjects or situations. |
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Class I Evidence |
often referred to as a randomized clinical trial; based on a randomized group experimental design study; it is the best evidence supporting a procedure. |
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Class II Evidence |
based on well-designed studies that compare the performance of groups that are not randomly selected or assigned to different groups. |
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Class III Evidence |
based on expert opinion and case studies; weakest of the levels of evidence. |
