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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Between Subjects Design |
Subjects are randomly assigned to each condition or matched across conditioned. |
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Ceiling-Effect |
A restriction: task is so easy, causing most or all scores to approximate the highest score. |
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Floor-Effect |
A restriction: task is too hard, causing most or all scores to approximate the lowest score. |
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Science Assumes.... |
- Reality of the world (Materialism) - Rationality - the world is understandable - Regularity - re-occurring patterns - Causality/determinism - Cause and Effects - Understandable |
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Goals of Science.. |
- Describe - Predict - Control - Explain |
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Counfounding |
A situation that occurs when an extraneous variable systematically changes. |
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Control |
The elimination of unintended, extraneous factors that might influenced what is being studied. |
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Correlation |
A relationship, but not causation. |
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Counterbalancing |
The process of systematically changing the order of trials for different participants in a balanced way, so as to counter the biasing influence of any one color. |
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Deception |
The creation of an artificial situation or a "cover story". |
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Deductive reasoning |
From the general principle to the specific. Testing the generalizability of a construct. |
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Inductive Reasoning |
From the specific to the general (Skinner box to principles of learning). |
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DV: DEPENDENT VARIABLE |
The variable that is measured under each condition of the IV. |
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External Validity |
The extent to which our results generalize to the other participants and situations. |
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Extraneous Variables |
Variables that may potentially influence the results of the study but are not the variables of interest. - - EX: Participant, researcher. |
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Factorial Design |
A research design in which all levels of each factor are combined with all levels of the other factors. |
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Figure |
APA research: Graphs that summarize the patterns in visual presentation. |
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Hypothesis |
A formally stated expectation about a behavior that defines the purpose and goals of a research study. |
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Interaction Effect |
The influence that the combination levels from the factors has on dependent scores |
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Internal Validity |
The extent to which the observed relationship reflects the relationship between the variables in the study. |
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Informed consent |
The procedure by which the researchers inform participants about a lab experiment prior to their participation. |
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IV: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE |
- Cause Antecedent - Has Levels
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Matching |
Controlling for extraneous (confounding) variables. - Precision: Subjects have identical scores. - Range: Pairs represent range - Rank-Order: Ranks decide pairs. |
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Meta Analysis |
A collection of data gathered into one paper/source of information.
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Operational Definitions |
IV: How is will be manipulated DV: How it will be measured.
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Order Effects |
Sequence of conditioning influencing DV |
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Power |
The ability to detect effects of IV on DV. |
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Psychological Constructs |
Construct refers to any complex psychological concept. |
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Publication Bias |
Bias of which research gets published.
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Reliability |
- Measures you can trust - Stable and consistent
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Research Ethics |
To guide and inspire psychologists toward the very highest ethical ideas of the profession. |
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Representative Sample |
A sample of participants which accurately represent the larger population |
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Sampling participants |
Participant variables make sampling critical. - Sampling: how you get participants. - Probability: odds of any one subject being selected are known. - Simple Random: Unbiased - Systematic: Even # of people - Stratified: Randomly sample known subjects. - Cluster: Random selection of groups rather than individuals
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Types of research methods |
-Correlation: DV many -Longitudinal: across time -Factorial design: multiple IV/interaction effects. -ExPost Facto: Pre-existing data -Single Subject: 1 person, 1 part, baseline. -Case study: single subject/group -Quasi: IV is preexisting. -Experiment: IV, DV, control, hypothesis -Meta Alalysis |
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Types of validity |
-Internal Validity -External Validity -Face Validity -Construct Validity -Concurrent Validity -Predictive Validity
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Types of variables |
-Independent and dependent -Subject -Experimenter -Environmental -Task and Measurement -Extraneous
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Within Subjects Design |
Designed to study the results of people within the group. Memory - 2 sets. |
