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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an independent variable? |
Something that I change |
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What is a dependent variable? |
Something that is measured |
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What is an aim? |
What you are trying to find out, usually starts with 'To investigate' or 'To find out' |
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What's a hypothesis? |
What you think will happen |
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What's an experimental directional hypothesis? |
you think you know what will happen in the experiment, one-tailed test |
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What's an experimental non-directional hypothesis? |
you don't know the outcome of the experiment, two-tailed test |
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What does operationalized mean? |
to offer a clear set of criteria to describe how something will be set up. assessed or measured |
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What is an extraneous variable? |
a variable other than the IV that could affect the DV, |
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What is random sampling? |
1. everyone has an equal chance of being chosen 2. whole population must be included
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Two evaluation points for random sampling? |
1. can produce random bias 2. someone might not want to take part 3. Includes whole population
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What is opportunity sampling? |
a group of people from the population who are willing to take part |
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2 evaluation points for opportunity sampling? |
1. can be bias 2. some more willing to help 3. lots of people excluded |
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What's volunteer sampling? |
advertise for volunteers for an experiment
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2 evaluation points for volunteer sampling? |
1. creates lots of bias 2. people who volunteer are usually keen 3. depending on what is being researched will attract different people |
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What is a null hypothesis? |
states that there is no relationship between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other) |
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Name the 6 ethical guidelines in psychology. |
1. Informed consent 2. Debriefing 3. Confidentiality 4. Deception 5. Right to withdraw 6. Protection from harm |
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What are the three experimental design types? |
1. Independent measures 2. Matched participants 3. Repeated measures |
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What is independent measures? |
1. two groups are used, one for each condition 2. people selected randomly |
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One pro and one con to independent measures? |
AD: no problem with order effects CON: errors may occur due to individual differences in groups |
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What is repeated measures? |
one group of ppts are used to do both conditions |
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One pro and one con to repeated measures? |
PRO: groups made up of same people CON: creates order, practice and fatigue effects |
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What's matched pairs design? |
two groups of ppts are matched as closely as possible and then put into two different groups |
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One pro and one con of matched pairs design? |
PRO: fewer problems with individual differences CON: matching ppts is hard and time consuming |
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What are demand characteristics? |
when the ppts catch on to what the experiment and alter their behaviour to what they think the experiment wants |
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What is naturalistic observation? |
the researcher observes naturally occurring behaviours |
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What is controlled observation? |
the researcher attempts to control the experiment
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What is participant observation? |
researcher is part of the experiment and is being observed |
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What is disclosed observation? |
when the observes know they are being observed |
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What is undisclosed observation? |
when ppts are unaware they are being observed |
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What is structured observation? |
before the experiment begins a predetermined list of thing to look out for is devised and these categories are tallied during the experiment |
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What is unstructured observation? |
researcher simply writes down what they observe with no predetermined plan |
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How can inter-observer/rater reliability be measured? |
using correlation techniques |
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Advantage of naturalistic observation? |
high ecological validity ppts behave more naturally |
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Disadvantage of naturalistic observation? |
ethical issues - no consent |
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Advantage of disclosed observation? |
reduction of ethical issues more trust between researchers and public |
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Disadvantage of disclosed observation? |
increases demand characteristics
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When should a field experiment be used? |
When a natural setting is crucial to investigate the behaviour |
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Pro and con of field experiment? |
PRO: good ecological validity CON: take more time and are more expensive than lab experiments
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What is a natural experiment? |
Natural experiment: Natural changes in independent variable are used - it is not manipulated. |
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Pro and con of natural experiment? |
PRO: natural setting means high ecological validity CON: no control over variables and can only conclude that there is a relationship between IV and DV |
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What is a lab experiment? |
Laboratory experiment: Artificial environment with tight controls over variables |
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What is qualitative data? |
data that is non-numerical that might look at people's feelings or experiences |
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What is quantative data? |
data collected that is numerical or measures something |
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What is a numerical scale? |
a closed question that requires ppts to decide on how far they agree with a statement |
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What is a structured interview? |
an interview with a predetermined set of questions that aim to provide quantative data |
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What is an semi-structured interview? |
interview is guided by topics which they wish to cover but is no set order |
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What is an unstructured interview? |
interviewer maybe has one or two questions prepared but questions are based on answers from interviewee |
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What is the range and what is it used with? |
1. The difference between the highest and lowest values 2. median or mode |
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What is standard deviation used with? |
mean |
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what is semi-inter quartile range used with? |
median |
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strength of range? |
simple to calculate |
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weakness of range? |
affected by extreme values
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strength of standard deviation? |
uses all of the data |
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weakness of standard deviation? |
time consuming to calculate |
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strength of semi-interquartile range? |
gets rid of outlying values
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weakness of semi-interquartile range? |
difficult to calculate |
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what is a bar chart? |
a graph used with all types of data where the bars don't touch |
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what is a histogram? |
bars touch |
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what is a frequency polygon? |
uses lines and are used to compare sets of scores |
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what is a pie chart? |
convers all scores to degrees |
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what is a scatter graph? |
these are graphs use with dots and correlations |
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what is a correlation coefficient? |
a number between -1 and 1 which measures the degree to which two variables are linearly related |
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define descriptive statistics? |
aim to give an accurate summary of the data |
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what is the measure of central tendency? |
typical value for data set |
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what is the measure of dispersion? |
tells the spread of the data |
