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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Paradigm |
The frames of reference that organize our observations and reasoning.
Treated different in the social sciences
Lens that allows you to see certain things |
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Levels of Analysis |
1.Macro : Broad structural patterns i.e globalization , popn dynamics
2.Meso : Looking within institutions or specific contexts
3.Micro: Focusing on Individuals and interactions Ex. The manifestaions of PTSD within soilders |
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What is Sociology |
The social world is governed by scientific laws just like the natural world . |
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What is Conflict |
A focus on struggle and competition Marx and Neo Marxist |
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What is Symbolic Interactionism |
Interaction Meaning making How we perceive and make sense of the world |
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What is Ethnomethodology |
Deep Focus on experience and meaning making focused at the micro- level
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What is Structural Functionalism |
Social System operates like an organism with each part of organ having a function.
Focus on the function that aspects of the social system nerve and how they all fit together. |
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What is the feminist Paradigm |
Place gender and gender inequality at the centre of the analysis
Understanding and combating patriarchy
Feminist Methodologies ( concern with power,reflexivity , intersectionality) |
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Rational Objectivity ? |
There is an objective reality out there and we can access through science
All experience is essentially subjective
Science is not objective
Modernism Post Modernism as Continuum |
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Elements of social theory are |
Paradigm : Viewpoint,lens,perspective ,filter
Theory: Explanation for a relationship that is noticed through a particular perspective/paradigm
Concepts : The words we use to stand in for abstract and complex things
Variables : Concept transformed for analysis |
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What are axioms /postulates Fundamental |
Assertions or assumptions . They are closely tied to paradigms |
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Propositions are ? |
Conclusion or assertion about a relationship or pattern between concepts as seen through our perspective paradigm . |
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Hypothesis : |
Propositions that have been converted into something that can be tested |
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Steps to Theory Operationalization observation |
Step1 : Use theory to make a prediction that you then covert into a hypothesis . Hypothesis must be falsifiable
Step 2 : Operationalize the variables in your hypothesis by defining them and deciding how they will be measured.
Step 3 : Go our and observe variables according to how we operationalized them. Compare observations to our hypothesis |
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Two Examples of Deductive Theory Construction |
Theory development from logical principles
Theory development from empirical observation i.e |
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What are Research Ethics |
Long History of Unethical research particularly on marginal populations.
no absolute answers agreed upon standards Critical reflection Debate Discussion
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Tri Council Policy Statement ( TCPS2) |
CAME OUT IN 2010 |
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what is the Research Ethics Boards (REBs) |
Form Dictated by TCPS2 all universities and research institutions will have their own. All research under their aupices needs to be cleared through them Community member , a person knowledgable in ethics, a person familiar with the relevant areas of law
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TCPS2 Core Principles are |
Respect for Persons( Grounded in history of unethical research on marginal groups )
Intrinsic value of human beings
People do and should have the ability to decide about their participation
Means additional consideration for people with reduced autonomy Concern for welfare Justice |
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TCPS2 Areas of Improvement |
Qualitative research Confidentiality Consent Relationship between researcher and participants Emergent Research Design |
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Statistics Canada are used for ? |
Data Suppression when too few cases Research Data Centres for access to sensitive data |
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What is the Purpose of Research |
To explore or understand a pattern that we observe often comes from our own experience. Exploration - Get more info in a new area - dont even know the right questions to ask. Pilot Study- test feasibility develop methods , only provides hints or clues |
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Nomothetic means |
Greatest amount of explanation for the smallest number of causes |
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Casual Critera ? |
Trying to distinguish between causation and correlation. |
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Correlation ? |
A relationship between the variables . as one changes so does the other (dependence) |
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Time Order |
On variable has to proceed the other |
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Non spurious ? |
Connection could be chance |
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What are some of the cautions of causation ? |
Cant assume complete causation cant assume exceptional cases disconfirm Cant assume its a majority relationship |
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What is the Unit of Analysis |
Not necessarily what you are ultimately drawing conclusions about We often observe people indirectil ( a persons criminal record ) |
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Define Time |
Cross sectional studying one point in time Creates problems for determining causal order Longitudinal studying something over time. |
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The 3 levels of Reality are |
Direct observable (eye colour, height) Indirect Observable (sex,age) Constructs /Concepts( Jealousy,prejudice)
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What is a Construct/ Concept ? |
The words we use for complex ideas of phenomena. Theoretical Concepts based on observation we think there is something unobservable that link our observations together |
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What is defining |
we might all have slightly different conceptions of a concept in our minds
We define concepts to avoid misunderstanding
They let us : Organize, communicate and compare |
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What is Conceptualization? |
The process of defining and refining our concepts. |
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What is Operationalization |
Involves coming up with observables ( direct or indirect that represent our concept . These are indicators. |
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Defintion of real |
Concerned with the true essence of something . Find these in politics, religion etc |
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Defintion of Nominal |
Popular usage or convenience . Useful shorthand but not precise |
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Defintion of Operational |
Precise definition that is specific about how we will measure or assess it . |
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Defintion of Ratio |
An interval variable that has a true point of zero |
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Defintion of Precision |
The amount of detail being measured |
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Define Reliabilty |
To what extent is our measure going to produce the same results each time Change over time suggests there is bias |
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Define Validty |
To what extent is our measuring capturing the latent concept that we intended it to measure |
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Define Construct Validty |
How do your findings fit with variables related to the theory behind your latent concept |
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Define Content validity |
To what extent does your measure relate to additional dimensions of your construct |
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What is a Scale |
questions /indicators how much of something is present |
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What is typology ? |
Using your results to create types/categories of people based on each variable forming a seperate dimension of the typology. |
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Define Sampling |
The process of selecting small subsets of our popn of interest |
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Two main types of sampling are |
Probability - Uses probably theory to guide sample selection Ability to estimate representativness
Non-Probability - Uses some other logic or justification for sample selection.
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Non Probability techniques are |
Convenience sampling - Useful for pilot studes and for difficult access Purposive Sampling / Judgmental sampling - Based on the researchers knowledge of the popn or when sampling is driven by some other principle . Snowball - using participant referrals Quota - establishing quotas based on the characteristics of the sample Informants - special kind of participant who has insider knowledge |
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What has probability sampling ? |
Random Sampling - minimizes sampling bias . Bias can happen either accidental or on purpose by using non probability |
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Random Sampling uses ? |
Large Random Samples are the gold standard for research. |
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EPSEM stands for ? |
Equal Probablility of Selection Method |
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Probability Theory and Sampling Error is |
A theory based on the normal curve which is used to determine how confident we are in the representitives of our sample |
