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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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automative thinking
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fast, insinict
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reflective thinking
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slow, calculated, self aware
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research must be:
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available
unbias realiable representative |
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common sources of error in common sense reasoning
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post hoc rationalization
unrepresentative overthought bias in memory inaccurate ancoring as not enough data collected |
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research paradigm: postivisim
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data collected to TEST theories.
it is deductive and quantitative example of positivism is self completion questionnaires |
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research paradigm: interpretivisim
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inductive and not done to find a theory.
simple gather data, ask questions, look for patterns then develop theories. Interpretivisim involves qualitative research like ethnography and case studies. |
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research principal: ONTOLOGY
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nature of being. the difference can be explored by looking at org culture.
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objectivism
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firms represent a social order and people learn the rules and how to apply them.
culture plays a big role in workforce as people have a common understanding of a firm. eg a mission statment. |
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constructivism
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social phemona are continually being produced and revisied by social actors.
good relationships with work and team have postive effect of business rules not commands just like an understanding. the better individuals relationships with team mates more postiive view on firm. |
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research principal: ESTIMOLOGY
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Philosophy of knowledge - can study firms the same way as we study compounds and forces.
if social world can be studied in same way, positivist. |
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deductivism (cycle of deduction)
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the purpose of theory to generate testable hypothesis.
theory_>hypothesis->data colection-> anaylse findings and then REJECT OR ACCEPT HYPOTH and revise theory accordingly. |
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inductivism (cycle of induction)
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knowledge is arrived by facts gathered to provide the basics of law.
GATHER INFO--ASK QUESTIONS--LOOK FOR PATTERNS--DEVELOP THEORIES--COMPARE THEORIES. |
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feild experiment
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studys taking place outside of lab.
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quasi experiments
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experiments that use naturally occuring variables as opposed to researcher manipulated ones.
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experimental research design the researcher...
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actively tries to change situation or circumstances through manipulation leading to changes of behaviour of particpants.
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non experimental designs
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do not involve manipulation of situations for participants.
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the standards that all academic research designs can be judged by their...
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relevance
methodology originality collaboration ethics |
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qualititative researchers aim to gather...
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an indepth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that govern such behaviour. they produce information only on the particular case studys and tend to be alot smaller in sample size.
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qualitative research can be anaylsed
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through obserber techniques, as you cannot just collect data from people through measuring.
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qualititative data is..
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INDUCTIVE. which is a reasoning in which the premisis seek to supply strong evidence for the truth on conclusion.
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critique of inductive reasoning
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confirmation bias: based on the natural tendancy to confirm rather then deny hypothesis.
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covert ethnography
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done under cover without participant knowing they are taking part in the study. this raises major ethical issues.
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overt ethnography
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subjects know they are being watched closesly and they are informed fully of the research being conducted. this can effect how the participant reacts making results unreliable.
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benefits of ethnography:
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immearses team into individuals life so relationship is developed over time which could be viewed as making results more realiable but MORE BIAS.
It also provides a rich source of visual data and places a human face on the data through real life stories so researcher can relate and remember. it allows emotion to be taken into consideration also researcher can gain first hand observation over long periods of time that provide extensive findings on human behaviour. |
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critique of ethnography
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time consuming
great deal of feild research needed to be done, collected and analysed issues with going native: participant and reseracher gain a too closer relationship making bias results research collected in a informal and unsystematic way highlighting they may be unrepresentative and generalised too. personal safety at jepoardy in covert ethnography. |
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semi structed questionaires
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have a clear initial focus but promts and probes maybe used to follow a set of questions so respondent has a degree of leway how to respond
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unstructed questionaires
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very flexible and tend to have a very general or vague interview topic. when interviewer wants them to speak qualitively at great lengths of time
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data quality is improved by...
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creating order in topic areas
avoiding leading questions questions are relevent ensure interviewer knowledgable and unbias. |
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quantitative research is
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investigation of social phemona through statisics and mathematical techniques.
they are used to verify which hypthesis is true. big sample collected. |
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quasi experiment
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used to estimate the casual impact of intervention on target population, but lacks elements of random design. QE allow researcher to control assignment to treat the condition X.
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field experiements
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randomise subjects into treatment and control groups and compare outcome between the two groups. its named to draw contrast to lab experiments. very strong in terms of validity as being at scene of action often offers greater depth of understanding. eg. ethnography.
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quantitative data
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focus' on deduction reasoning. where a conclusion is reached reductively. deductive arguments are evaluated in terms of there validity and soundness.
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EPISTEMOLOGY
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the philosophy of the nature and scope of knowledge
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ONTOLOGY
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the nature of being/reality
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methodoloy
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a combination of techniques used to inquire into a specific situtation
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QUANTITIATIVE METHODS AND POSITIVIST PARADIGMS MAIN STRENGTHS ARE..
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that they can provide wide coverage of the range of situations, they can be fast and economically conducted, particually when stats are aggerated from large samples
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QUALITATIVE METHODS AND CONSTUCTIONISH PARADIGMS ARE
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fairly complementary, thus they have the strengths in their ability to look at change process overtme and to understand peoples means and adjust to new issues.
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to establish causality a researcher must..
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1) 2 varibles must be associated
2)casual varible must produce its influence before outcome occurs 3) other possible explanations must be eliminated eg third varible. |
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measurement validity
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degree to which the measurement measures what it purports to measure.
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conduct validity
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a type of measurement validity. its an approximations truth of the conclusion that your operationalzation accurately reflects its construct
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stratified sampling
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representatives from each category chosen at random
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quota sampling
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method of stratified sampling, where representatives are chosen within strata and its not random.
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secondary data is
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collected by another researcher
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access to secondary data ...
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on government websites if data offical
if data non offical on mintel etc. |
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advantages of secondary data
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higher quality data
larger data sets with national coverage more time for data anaylsis fewer access problems fewer resource requirements |
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disadvantages of secondary data
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poor fit for purpose
poor sample design absense of key varibles complexity of data sets cost of access |
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ethics is
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the application of moral principals in a workplace to prevent harming to participants
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area of ethical concern: CONCENT
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involves the proceedure by which an individual may choose to take part in the study. they must have complete understanding of study and risks invovled. they must also be aware they have the right to withdraw at any time. ERIKSON argues covert research is unethical so how can results be viewed as realisitc
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area of ethical concern: dececption
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used to gain entry into social groups or forbidden worlds. humpharies 1970 research invovled him attending public toliets to look out for homosexual acts. decived police by pretending he was doing a study on health care and decived participants by turning up at house and pretending a healthcare survey but asked questions about sex. in addition to this he also disqised himself raising several ethical issues aswell. WARWICK critques humphries study highlighting how unethical it is to undergo deceptive research. He looked into how he not only hid a tape recorder in his car but decived police and people. He argued against his study claiming humphries took advantage of a relitively powerless group at the time, and not only this but hes made it more difficult for social scientists to conduct research now in the present day. Humphries had his phd taken away from him as a result of his actions as due to the social sigma at this time people were 'in the closet'.
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deception can be viewed as acceptable only when
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there are significant benefits to knowledge or science, and as long as subjects are not hurt or damaged with the findings. ALTHOUGH ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE SHOULDNT OVERRIDE HUMAN RIGHTS.
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area of ethical concern: privacy and confidentuality
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we may assure these things however they are sometimes tricky to safe gaurd, as if high profile people or organisations involved it may be difficult to hide. eg if a mobile company had 80% market share it would be obvious talking about them. Also locations are difficult to disguse is they are unique. Must always ensure when conducting research that name is anomoised and real names are never documented. ALDER AND ALDER supports this with the advocate of self censorship. The government have also put in place the DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 to ensure people are not put at risk.
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