Research Methods 4

Front 1

Holistic (behaviour explanation)

Back 1

Richness of the description is focussed on.

Front 2

Key aspects of qualitative

Back 2

Flexible, detailed data, analyses direct speech, can be considered subjective

Front 3

Positivism

Back 3

Only knowledge of a person's experiences is worth noting.

Front 4

Social constructivism

Back 4

Groups construct knowledge for each other creating a small culture with shared artifacts and shared meanings

Front 5

Describe a focus group

Back 5

Collective interview where data is gathered through group interaction, with conversation steered by the researcher.
Generates broad data themes, can identify early issues.

Front 6

Describe an interview

Back 6

Structured/semi-structured/open ended.
Researcher is an active listener encouraging the ppt to reveal information on a certain topic.
Often video/audio recorded and transcribed later

Front 7

Describe an observation

Back 7

Describing and explaining the social world (ethnography) from a ppts perspective within that context.
Participant observers/non-participant observers/covert observation/overt observation

Front 8

Ethnography

Back 8

A person's cultural differences and beliefs impacting on behaviour.

Front 9

Transcribing

Back 9

Turning spoken words into written in preparation for analysis (pauses, erms, and intonation must be included)

Front 10

Reliability

Back 10

Measures should be stable over time and across investigators

Front 11

Validity

Back 11

The extent to which something measure what is it intended to measure

Front 12

Ecological validity

Back 12

What you're observing works in the real world

Front 13

Fidelity of transcription

Back 13

Exactness with which a transcription is created

Front 14

Triangulation

Back 14

Validation through cross verification of two of more sources

Front 15

Reflexivity

Back 15

Circular relationship between cause and effect- it is bidirectional

Front 16

Grounding Theory

Back 16

Close relationship between data and theory- theory is grounded in data (data is collected first)

Front 17

Thematic analysis

Back 17

An analysis of major themes found within data by using transcription and coding before reviewing themes

Front 18

Discourse analysis

Back 18

Analysis of language beyond individual words- sounds, meaning and syntax

Front 19

IPA (Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis)

Back 19

Focus on the lived experience of ppt and uses phenomenology and hermeneutics

Front 20

Assumptions of IPA

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People try to make sense of their experiences

Participants are experts on their experiences

Analysis is researchers interpretation of ppts exps

Front 21

Phenomenology

Back 21

"how things appear"- the systematic study of human consciousness, and rejects the idea of an objective reality

Front 22

Hermeneutics

Back 22

"the analysis of messages"- meaning as a social and cultural product from a first person perspective,

Front 23

Disadvantages of qualitative style

Back 23

Can be considered subjective
Subject to researcher bias, or poor inter-rater reliability
May be considered unscientific sue to lack of numerical data.

Front 24

Induction

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Arriving at a belief after examining data

Front 25

Deduction

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Predicting the outcome of data based on your beliefs

Front 26

Falsifiability

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Ability of a test to prove a theory wrong to allow improvements

Front 27

Intervening variable

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Hypothetical internal state that explains the relationship between IV and DV

Front 28

Parsimony

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Choosing the simplest explanation

Front 29

Construct validity

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Degree to which the IV and DV accurately reflect or measure what is intended

Front 30

External validity

Back 30

Degree to which you can generalise the findings of the data to the wider population/settings

Front 31

Internal validity

Back 31

Whether of not causal statements can be made about the relationships found

Front 32

Naturalistic observations

Back 32

Describing behaviour in a natural setting

Front 33

Ethology

Back 33

Study of naturally occurring behaviour

Front 34

Inter-rater reliability

Back 34

Correlation between observations made by two people

Front 35

Case study

Back 35

Naturalistic observation of one person

Front 36

Survey

Back 36

Large study of many people, usually generalisable.
Uses questionnaires and interviews

Front 37

Meta-analyses

Back 37

Re-analysis of large number of studies

Front 38

Disadvantage of case study

Back 38

Retrospective
May have motivated forgetting (reconstructing own memories of past experiences)

Front 39

Common problems experienced in studies

Back 39

Anthropomorphising- attributing animal behaviours to human characteristics
Reactivity- Subject roles/demand characteristics/response styles

Front 40

Causation

Back 40

If a result follows an event, then it may be safe to assume it influences it's occurance

Front 41

Comparison

Back 41

Having two groups, one experimental and one control to receive different levels of IV

Front 42

Control group

Back 42

No treatment occurs, they control for any changes which might occur in the absence of experimental variable

Front 43

Give three potential reasons for a null result

Back 43

No relationship
Inadequate manipulation
Other causes

Front 44

What are the advantages of multiple independent variables?

Back 44

More efficiency
Better control
Generalisability across IVs and levels of IV

Front 45

Interactions

Back 45

Experimental results occur when the effects of one IV depend on the level of other IVs