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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is positivism?
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authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience.
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Post-Positivism
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-reaction to positivism
-argued that observers are flawed (intro'd focus on who is looking at the research) |
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Constructivist/Interpretist Paradigm
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-argues that there are multiple, understandable, and equally valid perspectives
-reality isn't objective; it is what you make it -researchers have bias, aren't necessarily neutral |
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What kind of psycholigical paradigm does quantitative research apply to?
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Positivism
Thought quantitative data can also be applied to the constructivist paradigm |
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What kind of psychological paradigm does qualitative research tend to apply to?
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Constructivism
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Describe:
Critical Theory |
Most closely related to constructivist domain
-everything is mediated by power. There are individual realities but they are in a socio-political context. -research traditions come from these power relationships (of oppression, etc) |
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What is research?
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Disciplined Inquiry
(systematic questioning) |
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Inferential statistics - what are you doing?
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gathering info that you are going to use to infer something about the population
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Research
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-meant to be collaborative
-systematic -dissemination biased towards successful research |
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If you are only describing stuff, what kind of research are you doing?
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non-experimental
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If you are doing experimental research, what are you doing?
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manipulating data
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What are the 3 types of Non-experimental research?
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Comparative
Associational Descriptive |
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T/F Research designs based on the positivistic paradigm are more sensitive to individual differences than those based on constructivism
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False
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What is an active independent variable?
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one that you have control over that is manipulated by the researcher
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What is an attribute independent variable?
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an unchangeable characteristic of the person or situation under study
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What is a variable?
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a characteristic of a person or situation w/2 or more values in a astudy
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What is an independent variable?
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the controlled/selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to a phenomenon of interest
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What is a dependent variable?
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the outcome of the study
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What type of study:
Relates variable for participants in a single group? |
Associational
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What type of study:
Utilizes an active independent variable but w/o random assignment |
Quasi experimental
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What type of study:
Summarizes data using stats such as avgs, %s, etc? |
Descriptive
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What type of study:
Features random assingment of participants into gps, & the use of an active independent variable? |
Randomized Experimental
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What type of study:
Examines differences btwn groups based on an attribute independent variable, such as gender? |
Comparative
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_________ variables aren't of interest in the study but they could influ the dependent variable
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Extraneous variables
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What are the 2 types of independent variables?
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active
attribute |
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_______ are the presumed causes, influences, or antecedents in the study
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Independent variables
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_____ variables are observed/measured characteristics of the participants or an environ that can't be manipulated by the investigator (ex: SES, depression, etc)
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Attribute Independent Variables
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_________ variables are given to the participants, usually for some specified time period during the study (ex. drug studies, deciding which group receives a given intervention)
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Active independent variables
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______ Independent Variables are those that the research can be/are manipulated by the researcher and _______ independent variables are those that are given to the participants
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Attribute.....active
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If you have _______ independent variables then you will always be doing non-experimental research
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Attribute
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What is the difference between randomized experimental research & quasi-experimental?
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Both can have an active independent variable, but only randomized experimental can truly control the active independent variable
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What are some examples of dependent variables?
What is its purpose? |
-lived/died
-yes/no Purpose: to mzr/assess effect of the independent variable |
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What is the process by which you get from the criterion that you are interested in and how you will actually measure it?
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Operational definition
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Variables that you can measure along a continuum
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continuous variables
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Variables where there is a fairly clear division between one category and the next (ex male/female)
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Categorical variables
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What are the common names of categorical variables?
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nominal - named (relationships status, gender)
ordinal - put in an order |
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Types of Variables:
3 or more ordered levels & responses aren't normally distributed |
Ordinal variables
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Levels of measurement:
NOIR |
Nominal
Ordinal Interval Ratio |
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This level of measurement are ordered level w/equal diff btwn each level & there is no true zero
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Interval
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What kind of measurement is this:
Lichert scale of 1-5 |
Ordinal
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What kind of measurement is this:
Interval scales w/an actual zero point. Levels are ordered & diff btwn levels is equal |
Ratio scale
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What is a type of measurement that works with only two categories, binary variables, or dummy variables? (ex. Gender)
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Dichotomous measurement
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If you have a variable that is nominal (gender), how would you describe your sample?
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Graph - frequency histogram or frequency polygram (pie chart)
"most are..." |
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Frequency polygons should NOT be used w/ ___________ data.
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nominal data
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If the data is positively scewed, where on a chart do the majority of responses appear?
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The left (scewed to the right)
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What are the measures of central tendency?
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Mode - most common answer
Median - middle value Mean -average (Sum of X/ N responses) |
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When is the Standard Deviation appropriate? When isn't it?
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Appropriate: normal distribution of data
Not Appropriate: not normally distributed/skewed |
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If you have a millionaire and 100 mid level workers, what measure of central tendency would you use to show the average earning?
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Median
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Measures of variability/spread of the scores
What are they? |
Range (crude estimate)
Standard Deviation (what we mostly use) |
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What is the formula for the SD?
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For the total population: Square root of ((SUM (x-m)^2) / N)
If want to describe a sample but make an inference about a larger population Sq Rt of ((SUM x^2) / (N-1)) |
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A _______ is a plot/graph of 2 variables that shows how the score for an individual on one variable assoc's w/his/her score on another variable
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Scatterplot
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If two variables vary in the same direction, what kind of correlation is this?
Different direction? |
A positive correlation
Different - negative correlation |
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You see an r=.4
what does this mean? |
two variables are positively correlated
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Describe CORRELATION in mathematical terms
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Between -1 and +1
Farther from 0 = a stronger correlation |
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T/F Associational Research does Correlational Research
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True
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Describe a Normal Curve
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-unimodal
-mean = median = mode -symmetric -Range is infinite -never meets x axis (asymptotic) |
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What kind of research will you usually find IVs and DVs in?
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Comparative.
Not as relevant in associational |
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What do Z scores represent?
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# of SDs a score is from the mean
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