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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's a null hypothesis? |
Predict there will be no patterns or trends in results |
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What's an alternate hypothesis? |
Predicts a difference or correlation in results. |
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What is the independent variable? |
The conditions the experimenter controls E.g. whether someone wears civilian clothes or police uniform |
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What is the dependant variable? |
The thing researchers measure E.g. how many words recalled |
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What are extraneous variables? |
Variables the influence the outcome of an experiment, though they are not the variables that are actually of interest. |
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What is standardisation? |
Keeping variables the same/constant. |
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What are the two experimental designs? |
Repeated measures design and Independent groups design. |
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Advantages and disadvantages of independent groups design? |
+No order effects -Individual differences |
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Advantages and disadvantages of repeated measures design? |
+Differences are actually due to variables not individual differences +More practical as less participants must be sourced -Order effects, things change as people get tired or bored or better practiced |
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Different types of sampling? |
Random, opportunity, stratified |
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What is random sampling? |
Sample from a given population since every member is given equal opportunities of being selected |
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What is opportunity sampling? |
Uses people from target population available at the time and willing to take part. It is based onconvenience |
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What is a stratified sample? |
The researcher identifies the different types of people that make up the target population and works out the proportions needed for the sample to be representative. |
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Adv and disadv of random sampling? |
+should represent the target population and eliminate sampling bias -very difficult to achieve (i.e. time, effort and money). |
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Adv and disadv of stratified sampling? |
+Sample should be highly representative of the target population and therefore we can generalize from the results obtained. -Gathering such a sample would be extremely time consuming and difficult |
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Adv and disadv of opportunity sampling? |
+quick way and easy of choosing participants -may not provide a representative sample, and could be biased |
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What are the main ethical aspects of a good experiment? |
-Informed consent -Confidentiality -Right to withdraw -Protection from physical or psychological harm |
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What is a field experiment? |
Carried out in a real or natural experiment. |
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Adv and disadv of lab experiment? |
+High level of control -Lacks eco validity -Demand characteristics |
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Adv and disadv of field experiment? |
+Higher eco validity than lab -Less control over variables, making it harder to establish cause and effect |
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What's a closed question? |
A question with a set number of responses. |
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What's an open question? |
Responder chooses own answer and amount of depth. |
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Strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires? |
+Used to access thoughts and feelings +Possible to compare answers to look for patterns or trends +Relatively easy to administer to a large sample -Misunderstand questions without someone to explain -Cannot explore individual responses |
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What are the 2 types of interview? |
Structured and unstructured. |
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Adv and disadv of interviews? |
+Access thoughts and feelings +Interviewer can clarify responses if they aren't clear -People may lie or exaggerate -Relies on eloquent articulation |
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Define overt and covert observation. |
Overt: participants are aware they're being watched Covert: Unaware they're being observed |
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Define participant and non-participant observation. |
Participant: Researcher participates with people they're studying Non-participant: Observe from a distance and not interfere |
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Strengths and weaknesses of overt observation? |
+Ethical because they give consent -Participants get demand characteristics |
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Strengths and weaknesses of covert observation? |
+Behave more naturally -Difficult to record data accurately without being discovered |
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Strengths and weaknesses of participant observation? |
+Experience situation from participants' point of view thus get realistic results -Group dynamics change when a new member is introduced |
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Strengths and weaknesses of non-participant observation? |
+Researcher can be objective -Easier to miss things when separate from the action rather than part of it |
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What's a case study? |
In-depth analysis of an individual or group through past records, unstructured interviews and observations. |
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What's a correlation study? |
Collect data via loads of different ways . Two sets of data from a sample and then analysing it to see if there is an association between them. |
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What's a longitudinal study? |
Conducted over a long period of time with lots of different methods. Unfortunately, they're time consuming and expensive because of this |
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What's a cross sectional study? |
Comparing 2 groups of people who represent different stages of development. Unfortunately, the researcher isn't comparing the same people. |
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What's quantitative data? |
Numerical |
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What's qualitative data? |
Descriptive data in the form of words or sometimes images. |
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What are demand characteristics? |
People figure out the hypothesis and behave accordingly. |
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What's the observer effect? |
People behave differently because they know they're being watched |
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What's social desirability? |
Participants give answers they think are okay or what they think the researcher wants to hear. |
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What are reliable results? |
Consistent. |
