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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How can nurses be good consumers of research?
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actively use and apply research into practice
understand the research process critique research |
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Inductive vs. Deductive
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inductive resasoning means going from specific to general (explore, explain, describe)
deductive reasoning means going from general to specific (identify differences, predict, control) |
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What is the ladder of abstraction? starting from concrete to abstract?
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variables, concepts, theories, framework, worldview
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Difference between theoretical and conceptual framework?
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theoretical framework provides a structure for concepts. It has been tested. It is a ready made map for the study.
Conceptual framework is the structure of concepts, theories or both pulled together as a map for the study. I |
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What is Constancy?
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Data collecting stays the same for all and the conditions stay the same.
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What is Null Hypothesis? Alternative Hypothesis? Directional and NonDirectional Hypothesis?
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Null is no relationship exists between IV and DV. If statistical evidence is found in the study the null is rejected.
Alt-Hypothesis is if statistical evidence in a study is found this is accepted. Directional states which way the relationship should exist. Nondirectional states the relationship exists but not the direction. |
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Major steps in the Quantitative Research Process?
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1. clinical question/research question
2. need a problem 3. hypothesis 4. theoretical framework 5. Research Design 6. measurement instruments 7. data collection method 8. data analysis 9. interpret, implicate, recommend |
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Major steps of the Qualitative Research Process?
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1. Not much literature on topic
2. phenomenology, ground theory, ethnographic, case study, historical 3. always compares with previous literature |
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What is the purpose of a literature review?
Give one type of review? |
it is a summary and synopsis of a particular research area, that critcally analyzes and evaluates previous research. For example, a systematic review uses rigorous methods to identify, critically appraise and synthesize primary studies. Cochrane database houses only these types of reviews. It is beneficial to HCP because it offers the best available evidence on the topic so they can make clinical judgements
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What came out of the Nuremburg Code?
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It ethically made sure the safety of study participants.
1. voluntary and informed consent 2. ensure there is a benefit to society 3. study is based on previous work 4. risks are weighed against benefit of science 5. participants can withdraw without penalty |
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What is Feasibility?
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Is there enough time? enough people to participate? Do we have the right equipment available, do we have the funds, do we have trained researchers? and is it ethical?
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In order to achieve accuracy in a study what three important things should be implemented?
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1. literature review
2. have a theoretical framework 3. do a pilot study |
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What are some examples of a demographic variable?
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age, sex, religion, social status, education
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there are 7 levels of evidence.
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1. Meta analysis and systematic reviews of RCTs
2. One well designed RCT 3. Quasiexperimental 4. nonexperimental 5. systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies 6. single descriptive or qualitative study 7.opinion or reports of expert committees |
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What paradigm is the basis for Quantitative Research?
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Post-Positivism
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What paradigm is the basis for Qualitative Research?
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Constructivism/Critical Social Theory
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What types of studies are conducted for Non-experimental designs?
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Survey (descriptive, comparative, exploratory)
Relationship/difference (cross sectional, longitudinal/prospective, retrospective, correlational) |
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Define PICO?
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Patient
Intervetion Comparison Outcome. |
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What is the critical reading process?
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1. Preliminary understanding - skim and define unfamiliar words
2. Comprehensive understanding - understand the authors intent, methods, findings 3. Analysis understanding - understand each part of the study, critique the soundness, level of evidence, strength and weakness 4. Synthesis understanding - put all together to make sense... can you write a review of the study? can you relate every step?? |
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What is reliability coefficient? (r)
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It ranges from zero to one
shows the relationship of error variance and score of instrument (ie. Questionnaire) expresses the degree of Stability, Homogeneity, Equivalence of instrument, and Indicates quality of the instrument. |
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What is Rigour?
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An instrument is reliable if the instrument provides the same results when it measures what it is intended to measure repeatedly. The instrument is VALID if it measures what it is intended to measure accurately.
So in summary. Reliable and Valid = YES RIGOR Reliable and NOT VALID = YES RIGOR Instrument NOT reliable and NOT valid = NOT RIGOROUS. |
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If the reliability coefficient was 0.89.... what is the level of error in measurement?
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LOW therefore reliable
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If the reliability coefficient is 0.45... what is the level of error in measurement?
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HIGH ... therefore not reliable
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What is IV and DV??
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independent variable is what you have control over or manipulate. It affects the dependent variable.
Dependent variable is what you measure in the experiement and what is affected during the experiment. It responds to the independent variable. |
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What is a Paradigm?
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a set of assumptions, concepts, values, practices that constitute a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them. (greek = pattern)
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What are the THREE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES???
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Beneficence - do no harm, increase benefit
Justice- treated fairly Respect -right to self determination and treatment. Autonomy. |
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What are the elements of informed consent?
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confidentiality
compensation voluntary participation risks/benefit questions alternative procedures/treatments purpose of study duration of study procedure used is explained and clearly identified intstruments how risks can be minimized |
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Difference between Conceptual and Operational definiton?
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Conceptual is concepts rooted in theoretical literature
Operational is how the concept is measured |
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When looking at evidence what should you consider before putting it into practice?
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1. Quality - minimal bias
2. Quantity - generalizability 3. Consistency - similar and different designs having the same research question and similar findings? |
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What are threats to Internal Validity?
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history
maturation testing instrumentation mortality/attrition selection bias |
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What are threats to External Validity?
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selection effects such as not getting the same ideal population
measurement effects - pretesting affects post testing Reactive effects such as hawthorne effect... |
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Why is it important to read research articles??
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Its expected of us as professionals
helps ensure highest quality of care keep uptodate info gain insight into patient perspective improve current practice prove effect/cost effect |
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Sampling methods include Probability and Non probability. Which is used for Quantitative?
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Probability (random)
examples : simple, stratified, cluster, systematic |
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Which sampling method increases Bias?
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Non-probability sampling... specifically Convience Sampling.
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What are the types of Nonprobability sampling?
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Convience
Quota Purposive Network Theoretical |
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What are the types of Probability sampling?
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simple stratified cluster systematic
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Which data collection method will have reactive effects?
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any method of no consealment... such as laboratory or participant. because the subjects are aware they are being observed
whereas in a natural setting they would not be aware |
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What are common data collection methods used in studies?
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Self report
Observation Biophysiologic |
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Which data collection setting allows for the most control for internal validity?
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Laboratory.
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Disadvantage of using records to obtain data.
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may not represent all of the possible records - creates bias
authenticity is reduced could miss a lot of significant data |
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Disadvantages of using interview/questionnaires?
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could take very long to complete
social desirability bias (participant will respond to make a favorable impression on the investigator) Questions may be difficult to understand or cause fixed responses if not pilot tested to ensure questions are finite and clear. |
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Advantages and Disadvantage of online data collection?
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Anonymous, inexpensive, more participants, reduced respondant time, duplicates can be identified.
not everyone has access to computer not computer literate low rate of response usually |
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Rigor in Qualitative research.... what do you assess for?
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Credibility - truth of the findings
Auditability - can you follow reasoning? steps? data? Fittingness (goodness of fit) -faithfullness...can it apply to real life? |
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What is interrator reliability?
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concerned with the reliability or consistency of the observer not the instrument. aka.. does the observer know his/her ****? LOL
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Construct Validity has 2 approaches...?
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Convergent and Divergent
Convergent is 2 instruments measure the same # of people and they positively correlate DIvergent - they negatively correlate |
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What are the levels of measurement?
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Nominal
Ordinal Interval Ratio |
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Which is the highest level of measurement?
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Ratio
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Which level of measurement has a "meaningful ZERO"
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Ratio
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Qualitative Research Data collection methods
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Data Reduction - simplify data, find themes, code
Data display - organize in visual charts/graphs to show conclusions Conclusion Drawing Verification - describe relationship of themes. |
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Give 3 Research Design Methods for Qualitative Research
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1. Phenomenological
2. Grounded Theory 3. Ethnographic |
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What is Bracketing?
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researcher identifies personal biases about phenomenon and sets them aside when engagin with participants... this prevents the researcher from leading the participate.
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What benefit does Qualitative research methods have for Nursing practice?
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1. guides nursing practice
2. contribute to instrument development 3. Develop nursing theory |
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Emic vs Etic view...
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emic is participants view of the world
etic is our view of the participants world. |
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Key designs for Qualitative Research
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grounded theory
case study ethnographic historical phenomenology (narrative analaysis is not a design) PAR |
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What are some issues with Qualitative Resarch?
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may skip consent process
alter methods research and participant relationship may cause conflict of interest researcher has MORE POWER!! mwahahahaha! |
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What is evidence informed practice?
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conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence in conjuntion with clinical expertise and pt values to guide healthcare decisions. not based on just scientific data... also includes acknowleding indegenous knowledge, cultural, religious norms and clinical judgement.
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What is T-Test?
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checks whether means of 2 groups are reliably different.
It is an inferential statistic because u are inferring or generalizing a population. for instance one group gets a drug and the other gets placebo. The score means are 36 and 34... is it by chance? maybe? so lets do a T-Test to confirm! T = varience between /within group 36/34 = 1/3 therefore the drug is not effective... therefore T-Test confirms it is not reliable. |
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What is P value?
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probability that a pattern of data in the sample could be produced by random data.
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Correlational patterns
if near + 1 it is... if near - 1 it is... if near 0 it is... |
left to right going up
left to right going down scattered everywhere on the graph |
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CHISQUARE (x2) is?
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nonparametric statistic
determines whether frequency in each category is different from what would be expected by chance Categorical variables (gender, age, year) example: how frequent will the dice role #1 if you roll it 100 times? |
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ANOVA
Analysis of Variance test? |
tests the group means
determines difference but instead it finds the variations among groups and within groups. basically it tests 2 or more groups and finds out if a difference exists. |
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POST HOC ANALYSIS
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determines where the mean lies
find out if the means are statistically signiciant happens if the ANOVA test rejects the NULL HYPOTHESIS |
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Correlation
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degree of association
relationship between 2 or more variables |
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MODE
MEDIAN MEAN |
frequency of score
middle score average score - best to measure central tendency |
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What is the difference between Inferential statistics and descriptive statistics?
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inferential stats allow researchers to estimate population parameters and test hypotheses about populations from sample data
Descriptive statistics summarize the data in a meaningful way. via graph/chart/histogram |
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What is a NULL HYPOTHESIS?
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no difference exists between the intervention and control groups. if results are that it was not by chance, then the Ho is not rejected.
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How do you maximize control for your research design?
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have homogenous sampling
constancy manipulate IV randomization |
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give two advantages of experimental design
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cause and effect relationship
highest level of evidence for single study |
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give two disadvantages of experimental design
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hawthorne effect
mortality |
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give two advantages and two disadvantages of Quasi-exp. design
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Practical and Feasible
No cause effect or randomization |
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If the data on the graph is really close to the mean this is termed as....
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Homogeneity
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if the data on the graph is far away from the mean it is termed as...
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heterogeneity
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Homogeneity and Heterogeneity are measures of...
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central tendency
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Nonparametric measurements are
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Nominal and Ordinal
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Nominal and Ordinal examples:
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nominal = classify events or categories
Ordinal = ranking (likert scale - yes maybe no) |
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Parametric measurements are...
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Interval and Ratio
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Interval and ratio examples
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interval= temperature
ratio =height weight.. cannot be Zero Kurtosis is the peak or flatness of the curve |
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What is standard deviation?
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the average DISTANCE by which scores DEVIATE from the MEAN
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what is used in harm studies?
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Odds ratio
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The main nursing paradigms are
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Phenomenology
Critical Theory Constructivism |
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How effective is this drug in reducing CA? reflects which paradigm?
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Phenomenology *hint 5 senses
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What needs to be done to improve health of older adults? reflects which paradigm?
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Critical THeory *hint - reality/ social
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What is the lived experience of a nursing student? reflects which paradigm?
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Constructive *hint - Qualitative - individual reality
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What is Hermeunetics?
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interpret written, voice, visual communication
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2 ways research helps us?
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1. appreciate and understand research process
2. become intellegent consumers of research! 3. GO INSANE jk... |
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To be an intellegent consumer of research one must..
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1. have knowledge
2. discriminate and evaluate research logically for merit 3. apply knowledge gained |
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The centre for nursing research in McGill University was established in the year...
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1971
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The human rights to protection includes about 5 important rights which are...
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right to self determination
right to privary and dignity right to anonymity and confidentiality right to fair treatment right to protect from harm/discomfort |
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Give example of how researchers ensure ethical principles are maintained in a study
Beneficence = Respect = Justice = |
Beneficence = have a design, have competent investigators
Respect = informed consent Justice = equal selection of subjects |
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What does the research ethics board do? who are part of this board?
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they assess whether ethical standards are met in relation to the protection of the rights of human participants.
includes 5 members men and women 2 experts in research 1 that knows ethics really well 1 that knows about law 1 that is a community member and affiliation to the instituation but is recruited from community |
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What is Assent?
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an aspect of informed consent that pertains to protecting the rights of children as research subjects... see page 131 for more detail
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To prevent bias from impinging on the dependent
variables and thereby affecting study outcomes, what considerations need to follow? |
Objectivity in the conceptualization of the problem
• Accuracy in all aspects of the study • Feasibility of obtaining subjects, allocating time and financial resources, and analyzing data • Control over tested and extraneous va riables |
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difference between random selection and random assignment
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Random selection is how you draw the sample of people for your study from a population. Random assignment is how you assign the sample that you draw to different groups or treatments in your study.
Random assignment is best used in Quasi and Experimental designs Random sampling is best used in any research design |
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What are extraneous variables?
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variables that interfere with the operations of the phenomenon being studied...
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What are the 3 basic Quasi-experiemental designs?
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Nonequivalent /afteronly nonequivalent
One group (pre/post test) Time series |
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What are the 3 basic experimental designs?
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Solomon 4 group
After Only True experimental (pre/post control group) |
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The non probability sampling method which is "snowball effect" is. called
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Network
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Why is randomization important in sampling?
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to increase generalizability and reduce bias
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What types of sampling are used in QUALITATIVE studies?
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purposive
Convenience Network Quota |
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Why is sample size important?
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Sample size is an important factor to consider when evaluating a research report, because the size
has implications for the generalizabil ity of the findings. |
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What are the types of validity?
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Content - degree to which content of measure represents the universe of content WTF
Face - subtype of content validity. instrument intuitively gives the APPEARANCE of measuring the concept Criterion - degree of RELATIONSHIPS between the participants performance on the measurement tool and the participants actual behavior Construct -extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait. |
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What is concurrent validity ?
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degree of correlation of two measures of the same construct administered at the same time.
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What is Predictive Validity?
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degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and a future measure of the same concept.
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Validity and Reliability relation?
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Validity = instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure
Reliability = instrument results are the same on repeated measures |
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What is a type 1 error and type 2 error?
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reject the null hypothesis because results were significant even though they are not, so we accept the alternate hypothesis = type 1 error
beta - results showed that the null hypothesis was true. or in other words... we didnt reject the null when it is false. or in other words... we failed to reject the null. so there was no statistical significance but really there is. if the null hypothesis is true... and there is significance that is a TYPE 1 if the null hypothesis is true and there is NO significance it is CORRECT CONCLUSION if the null hypothesis is NOT TRUE, and Not significant that is a TYPE 2 if the null hypothesis is NOT TRUE and there is significance then it is a CORRECT CONCLUSION |
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if a researcher wants to test the relationship between two variables (or the difference between two
groups), which statistical tests would be appropriate? |
T- Test
ANOVA test |
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If the level of significance for hypothesis testing in a study is set at p= .05 and the results of data
analysis are found to be significant at p= .07, what can the researcher conclude? |
there is a significance
70% probability.. that results will be the same if tested again. remember: for a result to be statistically significant, the probability of occurring must be less than .05 or .01. depending on the level of significance set by the researcher. |
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How do we control the risk of making a type 1 error?
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setting alpha level A PRIORI or level of significance. but if u reduce this u increase risk of type 2.
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How do we control risk of making a Type 2 error?
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have a larger sample size if its too small it limits the oppportunity to measure the treatment effect. so having a larger size will improve ability to detect the treatement effect.
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Which type of error can result in adverse effects to patient care??
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Type 1 is more serious...
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What are the characteristics of a well-written “Results” section? “Discussion” section?
“Recommendations” section? |
Results section reflects the question being posed or hypothesis tested.
quantitative data or numbers generated by descriptive or inferential stats, or themes from narratives generated from content /coding analsis. The results of the data analysis are the foundation for the interpretations or DISCUSSION. Recommendations... suggestions for the studys application to practice, theory and further research. Whats the point of all this crap? in a nutshell... |
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Stylistic considerations for Qualitative Research
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use quotations , this is the most effective way to convey emic views
show richness of data - trustworthiness/rigour this can be a problem because when published you cant fit all the information in 15 pages for instance... |
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Stylistic considerations for Quantitative Research
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be aware of publication goals
what type of design used needs IMRD headings -intro, method, results, discussion variations can deter merit of research. |
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What are
four different issues in qualitative research? |
1) unique concerns regarding ethics
including the need to acquire informed consent in naturalistic settings, 2)the emergent nature of the research design, and 3)the nature of researcher– participant interaction, and the researcher’s role as instrument and 4) the usefulness and use of triangulation and mixed methods approaches |
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Which qualitative method focuses on
the lived experience of people? the development of theory? specific cases? cultural patterns? |
phenomenology
grounded theory case study ethnographic |
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What techniques can a researcher use to enhance and appraise credibility, auditability, and
fittingness of the data? |
credibility = spend more time engaging with participants, more time observing, peer debriefing, MEMBER CHECKING, triangulation
auditability = review documents protocols memos, field notes. this is done so other reviewers can follow and comment on the fittingness of results. |
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How does qualitative analysis differ from quantitative analysis?
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data is from transcripts of interviews, narratives, documents, media. It is collected in a cyclical and iterative process not linear. has three stages: data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing and verification. overall it is a very complex process... and researchers take different approaches to analysis. aka phenomenolololology... grounded theory... ethnography, case study.
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What is Dissemination?
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communication of findings via publications conferences consultations and training programs
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What is Research Utilization?
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Depends on the interests, commitment, and expertise of nurses in all areas
Must be proactive, deliberate, and systematic, addressing the process of adopting innovation Includes phases of identifying the problem, critical review of the literature, translating findings to practice, implementation, and evaluating the outcome |
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Describe the reslationship between conduct, dissemination and use of research
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in order to improve quality of care...we first identify questions, then conduct research to generate new knowledge, we disseminate this knowledge and use this in practice to improve quality of care!!!!! TADAAAAAA!!!
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Conceptually driven Evidence is
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influence nursing thinking but not action
knowledge creep? integrates literature form new theory new hypothesis making |
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Decision Driven Evidence is
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apply scientific knowledge
as part of a policy change, practice or procedure or intervention decision is based on review and critique of studies applicable to practice ie. IOWA model |
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THE EIP SKILLS *hint all start with A
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ASK
ACCESS APPRAISE ACT |
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Barriers to Research Utilization
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communication
cant find shiz (relevant studies) LOL poor studies that have few practical use cost and time restraints negative attitudes towards research ( thats applies me.. hahaha) little time to read research ( that applies to me too) |
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What Helps or Facilitates research utilization!?
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MONEY!$$$$$
instituational infrastructures workshops incentives easy access to reports/database make it a role expectation promote collaboration! Zzzzz... |
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The investigation of methods, interventions, and variables that influence the adoption of EIPs by individuals and organizations to improve clinical practice
Includes testing the effect of interventions in promoting and sustaining adoption of EIPs |
Translation Science.. iduno if theres an easy way to remember this but hopefully she doesn't put this on the exam... o_0
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What is Theoretical Sensitivity?
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Theoretical
sensitivity refers to a personal quality of the researcher. It indicates an awareness of the subtleties of mean- ing of data. One can come to the research situation with varying degrees of sensitivity depending upon previous reading and experience with or relevant to an area |
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What analytical outcome is being sought in Grounded Theory?
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To identify a core category and theory grounded in data
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How is abstraction done in grounded theory?
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theoretical sensitivity
seek concepts open coding memo writing dimensionalizing diagramming |
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What analytical outcome is being sought in Ethnography?
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to identify themes and patterns; to explain and account for a social and cultural situation
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What are Codes?
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tags or labels that are assigned to themes
they evolve during analysis more can be added or blended together like a milkshake its meaningful only for the researcher not the study |
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What is member checking?
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in participatory action research, sharing the findings with the participants to know whether the interpretation of their responses is accurate
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In a quasi experimental design study such as nonequivalent... are participants randomly assigned to the treatement or the control group?
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NO RANDOMIZATION in quasi-experimental
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what is PAR?
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participatory action research
researcher seeks to change society improve practice by finding problem areas in the setting take action to implement change |
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Explain what post-positivism is...
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view that "reality exists"
that it is observable, measurable, understandable. but there is a belief that science offers an imperfect understanding of the world (QUANTITATIVE) |
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What r primary sources?
What r secondary sources? |
scholarly literature written by persons who develop theory or conduct research: articles books eyewitness accounts of historical events provided by original documents, films, letters, diaries, records, artefacts, periodicals, and tapes
scholarly material written by anyone other than the person who developed the theory or conducted the research. They are usually published. A critique or summary of a researchers work. |
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Research ideas that are identified by staff through quality improvement, risk surveillance, benchmarking data, financial data, or recurrent clinical problems.
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Problem Focused Triggers
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Are research hypothesis and research Question the same?
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not really
RH is a statement about the expected relationship between variables. also known as scientific hypothesis RQ is a presentation of an idea that forms the foundation for the study, it is developed from the research problem and results in the research hypothesis!!! |
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The variable that affects the dependent variable but occurse BEFORE the introduction of the independent variable.
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ANTECEDENT VARIABLE!!
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Consistency vs. Constancy
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Consistency - data collection is done the same way for each subject.
Constancy - data collection methods and procedures down the same (environment, time, instrument, procedure) |
