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491 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the pop?
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is the study group of interest
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NAME
this is the stdy group of interest |
population
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T or F
the population has to be restricted to human subjects |
false
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What is a sample?
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a subset of the pop
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NAME
this is a subset of the pop |
sample
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What is the differ tbwn sample and pop? (2)
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(1)sample is the subset of the pop (2)pop-is the study group of interest
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What are elements?
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entities that make up samples and pop
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NAME
these are entities that make up samples and pop |
elements
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What is the primary consideration in selecting a sample?
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it representativeness or external validty
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What is the target pop?
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is entire pop of interest
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NAME
this is the entire pop of interest |
target pop
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What is acessible pop?
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are cases from the target pop that are accessible to the researher
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NAME
these are cases from the target pop that are acessible to the reseracher |
accessible pop
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What are the criteria for the target pop? (3)?
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(1)most posses all the inclusion critera (2)must no possess the exclusion critera (3)inclusion and exclusion criteria (4)
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What are the criteria for the target pop? (3)?
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(1)most posses all the inclusion critera (2)must no possess the exclusion critera (3)inclusion and exclusion criteria (4)
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NAME
this involves random selection of elements from the pop |
probality sampling
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What is the sampling error?
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is the differ btwn the values obtained in the sample and the values that actually exist in the pop
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NAME
this is the differ btwn the values obtained in the sample and the values that actually exist in the pop |
sampling error
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NAME
this represnts the degree to which the sample represents the pop |
sampling error
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What does the sampling error represent?
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the degree to which the sample represents the pop
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large sampling errors are (1)\representations of the sample
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lesser
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NAME
this may be due to random error or systamatic bias |
sampling errors
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WHat are some causes of sampling errors? (2)
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(1)random error (2)systematic bias
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What is random errors?
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is a flaw in the sampling process
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nAME
this is a flaw in the sampling process |
random error
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What are systematic bias?
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are flaws in the sampling process
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NAME
these are flaws in the sampling process |
systematic bias
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the sampling frame needs to use (1)
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probality sampling
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What is the sampling frame?
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is every element in the target pop
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NAME
this is every element in the target pop |
sampling frame
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What is probability sampling?
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involves the random selection of elements from the pop
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What are the types of probaility sampling? (4)
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(1)simple random (2)systemtic sampling (3)stratified sampling (4)cluster sampling
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NAME
these include simple random, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling |
probaility sampling
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NAME
this is the most basic proability design |
simple random
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simple random is the most (1)form of probability design
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simple random
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Most of the complex probaility designs incorporate elements of (1)
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simple random
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T or F
random selection can be done w/ or out replacement |
true
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What is systematic sampling?
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this involves the selection of every Kth case from the list
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NAME
an example of this is the selection of every Kth case from the list |
systematic sampling
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What is systematic sampling preferable to simple random?
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bc its more efficient and convenient
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NAME
this is preferable to simple random bc its more efficient and convenient |
systematic sampling
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What is the sampling interval width?
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the standard distance btwn the selected elements
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NAME
this is the standard distance btwn the selected elements |
sampling interval width
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What is stratified random sampling?
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when the pop is divided into smaller subgroups or strata
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NAME
this is when the pop is divided into smaller subgroups or strata |
stratified random sampling
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NAME
this is used to address the issue of diversity |
stratified random sampling
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stratified random sampling is used to address the (1)
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issue of diveristy
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NAME
this ehances the chance for sample respresentation |
stratified random sampling
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Stratified random sampling enhances the chance for (1)
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sample representation
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NAME
this increases homgeneity on predetermiend characteristics |
stratified random sampling
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stratified random sampling increases (1)
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homogeneity on the predetermined chacteristics
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When are clusters used?
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when a complete listing of th elements are not available
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NAME
this used when the complete listing of the elements are not available |
clusters
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NAME
this is the most common procedure for large scale surveys |
cluster
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cluster is the most (1)for large scale surveys
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common procedure
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What does sussucfil random sampling of units start w ?
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administrative units as states, cities, census tracts, and households
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Cluster sampling is also called (1)
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multistage sampling
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(1)is also called multistage sampling
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cluster
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What is cluster sampling?
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involves successive series of random sampling of units beginning w the large units or clusters in which smaller sampling is contained
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NAME
this involves successive series of random sampling of units beginning w large units or clusters in which the smaller sampling is contained |
cluster sampling
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When is a cluster sampling used?
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when a complete listing of the elements are not available
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NAME
this is used when a complete listing of the elements are avialable |
cluster sampling
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NAME
this is the most common sampling for large scale surveys |
cluster
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Cluster sampling is the most common sampling for (1)
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large scale surveys
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T or F
nonprobaility sampling is random |
false
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Is nonprobaility sampling random?
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no
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Nonproability sampling is (1)
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nonrandom
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What is non-probability sampling?
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is nonrandom methods that are used to obtain a sample
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NAME
this is nonrandom methods that are used to obtain a sample |
non-probability sampling
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When is non-probability sampling used? (2)
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(1)when the parameters of a sample are unknown (2)when a sampling frame is not feasible
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NAME
this is when the parameters of sample are unknown or when a sampling frame is not feasible |
non-probaility sampling
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When is non-probability sampling used? (2)
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(1)when the parameters of a sample are unknown (2)when a sampling frame is not feasible
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What is one way to disclose limitations on nonprobaility sampling?
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attain as much as representations as possible
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What are some types of non=probability sampling?
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(1)convenience sampling (2)purposive sampling (3)snowball sampling (4)quota sampling
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NAME
some types of this sampling include convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and quota sampling |
non-probability sampling
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Draw a chart of boundary settings in experimental type designs
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see notes
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Draw a chart of boundary settings in experimental type designs
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see notes
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Draw a chart of boundary settings in experimental type designs
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see notes
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What is convenience sampling?
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involves the enrollment of available subjects as they enter the study until the desired sample size is reached
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NAME
this involves the enrollment of available subjects as they enter the study until the desired sample size is reached |
convenience sampling
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Convenience sampling is also called (1)
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accidental sampling
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(1)is also called accidental sampling
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convenience sampling
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NAME
this is the most conveniently available people in the study |
convenience sampling
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Convenience sampling risks (1)and (2)
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bias and erroneous findings
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What are some cons of convenience sampling? (2)
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(1)risks bias and errroneous findings (2)cation in interpreting findings and generlizing results
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NAME
this is the weakest form of sampling for quantitative studies |
convenience sampling
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Convenience sampling is the (1)form of sampling for quantitative studies
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convenience sampling
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What is purposive sampling?
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involves the deliberate selection of individuals by the researcher based on predefined criteria
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NAME
this involves the deliberate selection of individuals by the researcher based on predefined criteria |
purposive sampling
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Purposive sampling is also called (1)
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judgmental sampling
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(1)is also called judgmental sampling
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purposive sampling
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NAME
this based on the researchers knowledge of the pop the sample is hand picked |
purposive sampling
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Purposive sampling is based on the researchers knowledge of the (1)
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pop sample that is hand picked
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What is snowballing sample?
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is when sample participants are asked to refer others to the study
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NAME
this is when sample participants are asked to refer to others to the study |
snowballing sampling
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Purposive sampling involves puprposeful selection of study particpants based on (1)
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predefiend criteria
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Purposive judgement is also used for (1)
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nataralistc reserach
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T or F
purposive judgemental is also used for naturalstic reserach |
purposive sampling
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What is one flaw of purposive sampling?
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no extgernal validty or objective method for assessing the typicalness of the selected subjects
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NAME
this has no external validy or objective method for assessing the typicalness of the selected subjects |
purposive sampling
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What is quota sampling?
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is used to obtain different portions of subject types who may be underrepresented bu using convenience sampling or purposive sampling
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NAME
this is used to obtain different portions of subject types who may be underrepresented by using convenience or purposive sampling |
quota sampling
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Quota sampling is often used in (1)
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market research
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NAME
this is often used in market research |
quota sampling
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What is the goal of the quota?
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to select a sample w elements in proprotion similar to population
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NAME
this is used to select a sample w element in proprotion simlar to pop |
quota sampling
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in a quota sampling,who determines the strata of the pop and specifies the number of elements needed
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researcher
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What quota sampling what does the researcher do?
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determines the strata of the pop and specifies the number of elements needed
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in quota sampling, uses knowledge about the pop to build (1)
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repreresentativness in the sampling plan
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What is one benefit of probailtiy sampling?
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allow for comparison of sample to the pop
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NAME
this allows for the comparision of sample to the pop |
probaility sampling
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What are (5)steps to comparing a sample population?
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(1)state hypothesis (2)select the level of significance (3)compute calculated stastical value (4)obtain a critical value (5)accept or fail to accept null hypothesis
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What are (5)steps to comparing a sample population?
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(1)state hypothesis (2)select the level of significance (3)compute calculated stastical value (4)obtain a critical value (5)accept or fail to accept null hypothesis
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NAME
this implies that the value obtained on a measure would have been obtained in other samples from the same pop |
hypothesis used to compare sample pop
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What is the siginificance level?
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is the rejection of the null hypothesis w a certain degree of certainty that there is a difference btwn the sample and the pop
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experimental designs increase (1)
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external validty
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NAMe
this type of design increases the external validty |
experimental designs
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T or F
determing the sample size is an simple equation |
false
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When determing the sample size use the (1)possiblw
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largest sample size
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What is the power analysis?
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is used by advanced researchers to estimate how large a sample should be to adequately test the hypothesis
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NAME
this is used by advanced researchers to estimate how large a sample should be to adequately test the hypothesis |
power analysis
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What is statistical power?
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is the probability of identifying a significant differences if one exists
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NAME
this is the probaility of id a signifcant differences if one exists |
statistical power
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Statistical power of (1)in the min level of acceptability
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80%
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Statistical power of 80% in the (1)level of acceptability
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min
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What is the min level of acceptabiltiy?
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80%
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What is the effect size?
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is the strength of the differences in the sample
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NAME
this is the strength of the diferences in the sample |
effect size
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NAME
this involves rules for assigining numeric values to the qualities of objects to designate quanity to a attirbute |
measurement
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measurement involves rules for assigning (1)to (2)
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numeric values to the qualities of objects to the designate quanity to a attirubte
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What is one pro of measurement?
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removes guesswork in gathering information
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NAME
this removes guesswork in gathering info |
pro of measurement
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What is validity in measurement?
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the degree to which an instrument measures what is is supposed to
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NAME
this is the degree to which an instrument measures what is is supposed to |
validity in measurement
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what is reliability in measurement?
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is the consistency w which an instrument measures the attribute
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NAME
this is the consistency to which an instrument measures the attritbute |
reliability
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a measure that is not reliable cannot be (1)
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valid
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T or F
a highly reliable measure means that is it valid |
true
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T or F
Values and scores from the best instruments have certain amount of error |
true
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What are (2)measurements used in quantitative data?
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(1)obtained scores (2)true score
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NAME
these are two measurements used in quantitative data |
quantitative data
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What are (2)measurements used in quantitative data?
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1)obtained scores (2)true score
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obtained data is also called (1)
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HR
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(1)is also called obtained data
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HR
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hypothetical is also called (1)
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true score
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true score is also called (1)
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hypothetical
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What is the error of measurement?
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is the difference btnw the two scores as a result of extraneous factors
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NAME
this is the differ btwn the two scores as a result of extraneous factors |
measurements
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What are some differ factors that may contribute to errors of measurement?(5)
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(1)situational contaminants (2)response set biases (3)transitory personal factors (4)administration variation (5)item sampling
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What are some differ factors that may contribute to errors of measurement?(5)
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(1)situational contaminants (2)response set biases (3)transitory personal factors (4)administration variation (5)item sampling
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What are some differ factors that may contribute to errors of measurement?(5)
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(1)situational contaminants (2)response set biases (3)transitory personal factors (4)administration variation (5)item sampling
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WHat are situational contaminants?
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is the awarenes of an observer and time of day
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NAME
this is the awareness of an observe and time of day |
situational contaminants
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What are some ways responses can bias?
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(1)people give extreme responses (2)acquiscence response
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What is acquiscence response?
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are people that say no or y for everyone thing
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NAME
these refers to responsders say no or yes to everything |
acquiscence response
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What are transitory personal facotrs?
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refers to fatigue and hunger
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nAME
these refer to fatigue and hunger |
transitory personal factors
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How might administration variation contribute to errors in measurement?
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alteration in the collection of the data
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How can item sampling contribute to errors in measurement?
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researchers select which question to use
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What are measurement scales?(3)
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(1)likert type scales (2)Guttman scale (3)semantic differential
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What are measurement scales?(3)
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(1)likert type scales (2)Guttman scale (3)semantic differential
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NAME
these include Likert type scales, Guttman scale, and semantic differential |
measurement scales
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What is the Likert type scale?
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is when the reseracher develops a series of worded favorably and unfavorably regrading the underlying construct that is to be assessed
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NAME
this is when the researcher develops a series of worded favorably and unfavorably regrading the underlying construct that is to be assessed |
Likert type scale
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What is Guttman Scale?
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is when the researcher develops a small number of items that relate to one concept
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NAME
this is when the researcher develops a small number of items that relate to one concept |
Guttman scale
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What semantic differential scale?
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is usally used for psychological measures to assess attitudes and beliefs
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NAME
this is usally used for psychological measures to assess attitudes and beliefs |
semantic differential scale
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What is the researcher's goal in naturalistic design? (2)
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to experience and understand the phenomena w.out manipulating (2)observe, understand, and come to know so the theory may be described, explained or generated
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What is the researcher's goal in naturalistic design? (2)
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to experience and understand the phenomena w.out manipulating (2)observe, understand, and come to know so the theory may be described, explained or generated
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What are the (10)designs in Naturalistic designs?
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(1)Endogenous (2)participatory action (3)critical theory (4)phenmenology (5)heuristic (6)ethnrography (7)narrative (8)life history (9)grounded theory (10)meta-analysis
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What are the (10)designs in Naturalistic designs?
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(1)Endogenous (2)participatory action (3)critical theory (4)phenmenology (5)heuristic (6)ethnrography (7)narrative (8)life history (9)grounded theory (10)meta-analysis
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What are the (10)designs in Naturalistic designs?
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(1)Endogenous (2)participatory action (3)critical theory (4)phenmenology (5)heuristic (6)ethnrography (7)narrative (8)life history (9)grounded theory (10)meta-analysis
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What is endogenous research?
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is when the researches are the insiders of the culture and use their own epistemology and their own structure of revelance
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NAME
this naturalistic design is when the researchers are the insiders of the culture and use their own epistemology and their own structure of revelence |
endogenous research
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NAME
this naturalistic design represents an open ended approach to the naturalistic traditions |
endogenous research
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Endogenous research represents an (1)
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open ended question to the naturalistic traditions
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In Endogenous research, the researchers are the (1)
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insiders or subjects
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In endogenous research, the subjects works as (1)
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primary investigators or coinvestigatorss
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In Endogenous research, the researchers are the (1)
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insiders or subjects
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In endogenous research, the subjects works as (1)
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primary investigators or coinvestigatorss
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Why is endogenous research naturalistic?
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bc knowledge emerges from the indivudals
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Endogenous research is consistant w (1)
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emanicpatory research
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NAME
this type of research is consistant w emanicipatroy research |
endogenous research
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In endogenous research, indivudals are viewed as the (1)
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leaders of the generation of knowledge
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NAME
in this type of research indivudals are viewed as the leaders of the generation of knowledge |
endogenous research
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NAME
this type of research rejects the notion of research subjects |
endogenous research
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What is endogenous research based on?
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Kurt Lewin's proposition of that the "knowing power" comes exclusively to the persons who are the subjects of the inquiry
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NAME
this research is based on Kurt Lewin's proposition that the "knowing power" comes exclusively to the persons who are the subjects of the inquiry |
endogenous research
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Who is Kurt Lewin?
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came up w the endogenous research
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NAME
he came up w endogenous research |
Kurt Lewin
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What is the participatory action research?
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refers to the differ types of action research approaches
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NAME
this refers to the differ types of action research approaches |
participatory research
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What are (4)principles of action research?
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(1)democracy (2)equity (3)liberation (4)life enhancement
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NAME
this has (4)main principles--democracy, equity, liberation, and life ehancement |
action research
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What is assumption of action research?
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that those who experience a phenomenon are the most qualified to investigate it
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NAME
one assumption of this research is that those who experience a phenomenon are the most qualified to investigate it |
action research
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NAME
in this type of research particpants are involved in designing, conducting, and reporting the research |
action research
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What is action research?
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is when the particpants are involved in designing, conducting, and reporting research
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NAME
this is when the particpants are involved in designing, conducting, and reporting the research |
action research
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What does PAR stand for?
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participatory action research
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What is the purpose of PAR? (2)
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generate knowledge about an issue in a community or group to generate a responsive action or to enact solutions to community problems
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NAME
the purpose of this type of research is to generate knowledge about an issue in a community or group to generate a responsive action or enact solutions to a community problem |
PAR
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What is the critical theory?
|
is a complex set of strategies that are united by a common purpose to understand the human experience in context sociopolitical oppression as a means to change the world
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NAME
this is a complex set of strategies that are united by a common purpose to understand the human experience in context of sociopolitical opression as a means to change the world |
critical theory
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What is participatory action design?
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is used to generate knowledge to inform action
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NAME
this is used to generate knowledge to inform action |
participatory action
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What is the critical theory?
|
is used to understand experience s for social change
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NAME
this is used to understand experience for social change |
critical theory
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What phenmenology?
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is used to discover the meaning of a lived experience
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NAME
this used to discover the meaning of a lived experience |
phenomenology
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What is heuristic?
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is used to reveal personal and lived experience
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NAME
this is used to reveal persnal and lived experience |
heuristic
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What is ethnography?
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is used to understand culture
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NAME
this is used to understand culture |
ethnography
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What is narrative design?
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is used to understand stories of marginalized individuals
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NAME
this is used to understand stories o marginalized indivudals |
narrative design
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What is life history design?
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is used to yield stories of marginzalized individuals
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NAME
this is used to yield stories marginzalized indivudals |
life history design
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What is grounded theory design?
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is used to generate theory
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NAME
this design is used to generate theory |
grounded theory
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What meta-analysis design?
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is used to synthesize body of knowledge
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NAME
this design is used to synthesize body of knowledge |
meta-analysis design
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What does posit mean?
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means that there is more than one way of knowing about a phenomena
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NAME
this means that there is more than one way of knowing about a phenomena |
posit
|
|
|
What is the hallmark of critical theory ?(3)
|
(1)social change (2) empowerment of marginalized (3) oppressed people
|
|
|
NAME
the hallmark of this theory is social change, empowerment of marginalized and oppressed people |
critical theory
|
|
|
NAME
this naturalistic design seeks to understand the meaning of a lived experience |
phenomenology
|
|
|
In phenomenology, how does the interpretation of the meaning emerge?
|
it emerges from the info recieved
|
|
|
What is the main data source of phenomenology?
|
are in depth converstaions btwn the researcher and informant
|
|
|
NAME
the main data source for this naturalistic design are in depth conservations btwn the researcher and the informant |
phenmenology
|
|
|
What is ethnography derivied from?
|
this is derived from the discipline of anthropology
|
|
|
NAME
this is derived from the discipline of anthropology |
ethnography
|
|
|
What does ethnographic literally mean?
|
portrait of a people
|
|
|
NAME
this means "portriat of people" |
ethnographic
|
|
|
Emic approach should be used (1)culture
|
w/in
|
|
|
NAME
this approach should be used w/in the culture |
emic
|
|
|
Etic approach should be used (1)culture
|
outside
|
|
|
NAME
this approach should be used outside the culture |
etic
|
|
|
What are (2)things that ethnography provides people w?
|
(1)provides knowledge on providing cultural specific care (2)provides a mechanism for studying cultures
|
|
|
NAME
this provides knowledge on providing cultural specific care and provides a mechanism for studying cultures |
ethnography
|
|
|
Where was the basis for the grounded theory?
|
emerged from the discipline of sociology
|
|
|
NAME
this emerged from the discipline of sociology |
grounded theory
|
|
|
What is the the focus of the grounded theory?
|
is the evolution of social processes and social structures
|
|
|
NAME
this is the evolution of social processes and social structures |
grounded theory
|
|
|
NAME
this provides a means to transcend a phenomenon from the descriptive phase to the understanding prcoess |
grounded theory
|
|
|
the grounded theory provides a means to transcend a phenomenon from the (1)to the (2)
|
(1)descriptive phase (2)understanding the process
|
|
|
In grounded theory, how is meaning expressed?
|
is expressed in terms of symbols such as words, religious objects, and clothing
|
|
|
NAME
this design is expressed in terms of symbols such as words, religious objects, and clothing |
grounded theory
|
|
|
what type of qualitative tradition would guide the following inquiry of the following question?
(1)what is the social psychological processes experienced by couples experiencing infertility? |
look up
|
|
|
what type of qualitative tradition would guide the following inquiry of the following question?
(1)How does the culture of suicide survivors' self help group contribute to the grieving process? |
look up
|
|
|
what type of qualitative tradition would guide the following inquiry of the following question?
(1)what is the lived experience of the spousal caretaker of an alzheimer patient? |
phenmenology design
|
|
|
What are some reasons to set study boundaries?(2)
|
(1)to make study manageable (2)limit the study to a particular group, setting or phenomena
|
|
|
NAME
this is used to make the study manageable and to limit the study to a particular group, setting, or phenomena |
study boundaries
|
|
|
In experimental type designs, when are set boundaries used?
|
before the beginning of the study
|
|
|
NAME
in this type of research, set boundaries are used prior to the beginning of the study |
experimental research
|
|
|
What are (3)ways of setting boundaries in experimental research?
|
through the use of the (1)concepts that will be operationalized (2)inclusion and exclusion criteria (3)developing a sample plan
|
|
|
NAME
in this type of research, the setting boundaries are made through the use of concepts that will be operationalized, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and by developing a sample plan |
experimental research
|
|
|
In naturalistic design, when are boundary setting used?
|
through the the study
|
|
|
NAME
in this type of research, the boundary settings are used throughout the study |
naturalistic research
|
|
|
What consequences of boundary settings in experimental research?
|
external vailidty
|
|
|
What is external validty?
|
is the ability of the researcher to generate the findings from a study sample
|
|
|
NAME
this is the ability of the researcher to generate the findings from a study sample |
external validty
|
|
|
What does are (2)things taht the strength of the boundary setting depend on?
|
(1)appropriateness (2)adequacy
|
|
|
NAME
the strength of this depends on the approopriatenesss and adequacy |
boundary settings
|
|
|
What is appropriateness?
|
is the extent that the method of bounding the study fits the overall purpose
|
|
|
NAME
this is the extend that the method of bounding the study fits the overall purpose |
appropriateness
|
|
|
What is adequacy?
|
is the extent that boundary settings yields sufficient info to answer the research question
|
|
|
is the extent that boundary settings yields sufficient info to answer the research question
|
adequecy
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn appropriateness and adequecy ?
|
(1)adequecy=is the extent that boundary settings yields sufficient info to answer the research question (2)appropriateness=is the extent that the method of bounding the study fits the overall purpose
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn boundary settings in experimental and naturalsitic research?
|
(1)experimental-boundary settings are used before the study (2)naturalistic-boundary settings are used throughout the study
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn boundary settings in experimental and naturalsitic research?
|
(1)experimental-boundary settings are used before the study (2)naturalistic-boundary settings are used throughout the study
|
|
|
What are some ways to set up boundaries settings in naturalistic design? (4)
|
(1)geographical location (2)culture groups such as customs, locations, culture defined loosely (3)personal experince (4)concepts
|
|
|
What are some ways to set up boundaries settings in naturalistic design? (4)
|
(1)geographical location (2)culture groups such as customs, locations, culture defined loosely (3)personal experince (4)concepts
|
|
|
NAME
in this type of reserach, setting boundaries are set up in the following ways: (1)geographical location (2)culture groups such as customs, locations, culture defined loosely (3)personal experince (4)concepts |
naturalstic
|
|
|
What are some strategies for selecting study participants in a naturalistic study?
|
(1)max variation (2)homogenous selection (3)theory-based selction
|
|
|
What is homogeneous selection?
|
is when particpants have similar experiences
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to when the particapnts have similar experiences |
homogeneous selction
|
|
|
What is max variation?
|
when participants vary in experiences along a dimension
|
|
|
NAME
this is when participants vary in experiences along a dimension |
max variation
|
|
|
T or F
there is no specific rule in naturalistic inquiry regarding the number of participants |
true
|
|
|
T or F
representative sample implies external validity rather a comprehensive understanding of what is typical of a particular group |
false
|
|
|
What does the nature of the information gathering process in naturalistic design depend on?
|
the nature of the investigator involvement w the participants
|
|
|
in naturalistic study, the investigator acts as the (1)
|
data-gathering instrument
|
|
|
NAME
in this type of study, the investigator acts as the data-gathering instrument |
naturalistic study
|
|
|
What are some multiple information gathering strategies in a naturalistic study? (2)
|
(1)no standard approach (2)depends on the research question and design--ex observations or interviews
|
|
|
What is the reflexive process?
|
is analyzing and comparing collected info
|
|
|
NAME
this is analyzing and comparing collected info |
reflexive process
|
|
|
the processs of information gathering in a naturalistic study is a (1)and (2)
|
ongoing and reflexive
|
|
|
NAME
the process of info gathering for this type of study is ongoing and reflexive process |
naturalistic
|
|
|
the processs of information gathering in a naturalistic study is a (1)and (2)
|
ongoing and reflexive
|
|
|
What are some information gathering strategies that can be used in a naturalistic design? (2)
|
(1)watching and listening though observation (2)asking through informal and open-ended conversation and focused interviews
|
|
|
What are some information gathering strategies that can be used in a naturalistic design? (2)
|
(1)watching and listening though observation (2)asking through informal and open-ended conversation and focused interviews
|
|
|
What are some components of asking?(4)
|
(1)acess (2)description of questions or what you are doing (3)focus (4)verification (checking accuracy of impressions w the informants)
|
|
|
What is triangulation?
|
is using multiple methods to obtain info
|
|
|
NAME
this is using multiple methods to obtain info |
triangulation
|
|
|
What is saturation?
|
is when no new info is obtained bc there is sufficient info obtained to understand a phenemonemn
|
|
|
NAME
this is when no new info is obtained bc sufficent info is obtained to understand the phememonemn |
saturation
|
|
|
What is member checking?
|
is when the accuracy of the investigator's observation is confirmed though the use of one or more other informants
|
|
|
NAME
this is when the accuracy of the investigator's observation is confirmed though the use of one or more other informants |
member checking
|
|
|
What is reflexivity?
|
this is when the investigator self-reflects on any any bias or things that impacted the the data collection and interpretation
|
|
|
NAME
this is when the investigator self-reflects on any any bias or things that impacted the the data collection and interpretation |
refkexicity
|
|
|
What is the adult trail?
|
xinterrator reability
|
|
|
NAME
this is a discription of the method and process of the data independently to determine interrator reability |
adult trail
|
|
|
T or F
there is a unverisal strategies for qualitative anaylsis |
false
|
|
|
What are the stages of naturalistic analysis? (2)
|
(1)stage one= analysis in the field through thinking process, and development of categories or taxonomies, and discovering underlying themes (2)stage two= report preparation through consolidation the investigation in a manuscripts or book
|
|
|
What are the stages of naturalistic analysis? (2)
|
(1)stage one= analysis in the field through thinking process, and development of categories or taxonomies, and discovering underlying themes (2)stage two= report preparation through consolidation the investigation in a manuscripts or book
|
|
|
What are the stages of naturalistic analysis? (2)
|
(1)stage one= analysis in the field through thinking process, and development of categories or taxonomies, and discovering underlying themes (2)stage two= report preparation through consolidation the investigation in a manuscripts or book
|
|
|
What is taxonomy?
|
is a system of categories and relationships
|
|
|
NAME
this is a system of categories and relationships |
taxonomy
|
|
|
What are some levels of measurement?(4)
|
(1)nominal (2)ordinal (3)interval (4)ration
|
|
|
NAME
some levels of this include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ration |
measurement
|
|
|
What is nominal variable?
|
is categorical data
|
|
|
NAME
this refers categorical data |
nominal
|
|
|
What is ordinal data?
|
is numerical values
|
|
|
NAME
this numerical values |
ordinal data
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn nominal and ordinal data?
|
(1)nominal=is categorical data (2)ordinal=is numerical data
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn nominal and ordinal data?
|
(1)nominal=is categorical data (2)ordinal=is numerical data
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn nominal and ordinal data?
|
(1)nominal=is categorical data (2)ordinal=is numerical data
|
|
|
NAME TYPE OF DATA
yes or no |
nominal data
|
|
|
NAME TYPE OF DATA
male or female |
nominal data
|
|
|
NAME TYPE OF DATA
Caucasion, African American, Hispanic, or Asian |
nominal data
|
|
|
What is ratio?
|
has an abosulte zero point meaning any value above 0
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to any value above 0 |
ratio
|
|
|
NAME TYPE OF DATA
income ex $100,000 |
ratio
|
|
|
What are some measurement scales in experimental research?(3)
|
(1)likert-type scale (2)Guttman scale (3)semantic differential scale
|
|
|
What are some measurement scales in experimental research?(3)
|
(1)likert-type scale (2)Guttman scale (3)semantic differential scale
|
|
|
NAME
these include Likert-type scale, Guttman scale, and semantic differential scale |
measurement scales in experimental research
|
|
|
What is the Likert-type scale ?
|
is when the researcher develops a series of items worded favorably and unfavorably regarding the underlying construct that is being assessed
|
|
|
NAME
this is when the researcher develops a series of items worded favorably and unfavorably regarding the underlying contruct that is being asssessed |
Likert-type scale
|
|
|
What is Guttman scale?
|
is when the researcher develops a small number of items that relate to one concept
|
|
|
NAME
this is when the researcher develops a small number of items that relate to one concept |
Guttman scale
|
|
|
What is semantic differential scale?
|
is usally used for psychological measures to assess attitudes and beliefs
|
|
|
NAME
this is usally used for psychological measures to assess attiudes and beleifs |
semantic differential scale
|
|
|
What is reliability?
|
refers to the extent to which you can rely on the results obtained from an instrument
|
|
|
NAME
this refers to the extent to which you can rely on the results obtained from an instrument |
reliability
|
|
|
What are some confidence instruments used in experimental studies?
|
(1)reliability (2)stabiltiy (3)tests of internal consistency (4)equivalance
|
|
|
NAME
these can be used to test this: (1)reliability (2)stability (3)tests of internal consistency (4)equivalance |
confidence instruments in experimental reserach
|
|
|
What is inter-rate reliability?
|
involves the comparison of two observers measuring the same event
|
|
|
NAME
this involves the comparision of two observers measuring the same event |
inter-rate reliabiltiy
|
|
|
NAME
this tests equivlance |
inter-rater reliability
|
|
|
What are systematic error?
|
refers to bias or any errors that occurs
|
|
|
nAME
this refers to bias or any errors that occurs |
systematic error
|
|
|
What are (3)types of validity ?
|
(1)content validity (2)criterion validity (3)predictive validity
|
|
|
nAME
some type of this include content, criterion, and predicitive |
validity
|
|
|
What is content validity?
|
this type of validity addresses the degree to which the indicator reflects the basic content of the phenomenon or domain of interest
|
|
|
NAME
this type of validity addresses the degree to which the indicator reflects the basic content of the phenomenon or domain or interest |
content validity
|
|
|
What is criterion validity?
|
involves demonstrating a correlation or relationship btwn the measurement of interest and another instrument or standard that has been show to be accurate
|
|
|
NAME
this involves demonstrating a correlation btwn the meaurement of interest or standard that has been shown to be accurate |
criterion validity
|
|
|
What is predicitive validity?
|
is used when the purpose of the instrument is to predict or estimate the occurance of a behavior or event
|
|
|
nAME
this is when the purpose of the instrument is to predict or estimate the occurance of a behavior or event |
predicitive validity
|
|
|
What is construct validity?
|
is used when an investigator has developed a theoretical rational underlying the test instrument
|
|
|
NAME
this is used when an investigator has developed a theoretical rational underlying the test instrument |
construct validity
|
|
|
What are some ways to test the sources from which you are getting your information from (or informational sources)?
|
(1)self-report (2)proxy (3)direct observations (4)chart extractions
|
|
|
NAME
some ways to test this include self report, proxy, direct observations, and chart extractions |
informational sources or where you got your info from
|
|
|
STOPED HERE
|
STOPPED HERE
|
|
|
T or F
all research directly involving people has potential risk to the particpants |
true
|
|
|
What are the federal laws regarding protection of human subjects?
|
(1)federal law requires that researchers submit a proposal regarding the ethical conduct of any study involving humans to a group of lay and scientific people to IRB to review
|
|
|
Federal laws regarding protection of human subjects require that researchers submit (1)involving humans to a group of lay and sceintific people
|
propsal regarding the ethical conduct of any study
|
|
|
What are some ways to protect the human subjects?(4)
|
(1)to have a level of risk and the risk benfit ratio (2)full disclosure of into (3)study participation is voluntary (4)confidentiality
|
|
|
What are some ways to protect the human subjects?(4)
|
(1)to have a level of risk and the risk benfit ratio (2)full disclosure of into (3)study participation is voluntary (4)confidentiality
|
|
|
What is full disclosure?
|
means that the researcher must share w the participants all info regarding the type and content, and risks
|
|
|
NAME
this means that the researcher must share w the particpants the type and content of the interviews, time involved, content, data, collection procedures, risk, and benefits, plan for remedation for risk |
full disclosure
|
|
|
What is confidentiality?
|
this means that no one besides those directly involved in the research team and those disclosed may have acess to the data info cannot be linked to the particapnts
|
|
|
NAME
this means that no one besides those directly involved in the research team and those disclosed may have acess to the data info cannot be linked to the particapnts |
confidentiality
|
|
|
NAME
this is when the participation is strictly voluntary |
voluntary paricipation
|
|
|
What are some ways to ensure confidentiality? (6)
|
(1)remove the names of the respondents (2)assigment of id numbers for particpants (3)audio and video recording transcripts do not reveal names (4)destroying audio and video recording or storing in a locked cabint w restricted access (5)modifying key idying info so that there are no direct link (6)controversial or sensitive data may require speacil consideration
|
|
|
What are some ways to ensure confidentiality? (6)
|
(1)remove the names of the respondents (2)assigment of id numbers for particpants (3)audio and video recording transcripts do not reveal names (4)destroying audio and video recording or storing in a locked cabint w restricted access (5)modifying key idying info so that there are no direct link (6)controversial or sensitive data may require speacil consideration
|
|
|
What does HIPAA stand for?
|
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
|
|
|
What does the HIPAA say?(3)
|
(1)all health info collected for a study should be "de-id" (2)all health info used in a study should be disclosed in the consent form prior to entering the study (3)researchers cannot recruit directly unless the individual has given prior consent for such as contact to be made
|
|
|
What does the HIPAA say?(3)
|
(1)all health info collected for a study should be "de-id" (2)all health info used in a study should be disclosed in the consent form prior to entering the study (3)researchers cannot recruit directly unless the individual has given prior consent for such as contact to be made
|
|
|
What are some right of people in voluntary participation?
|
(1)indivudals have the right to refuse (2)can withdraw any time during the study (3)can refuse to answer any particular questions or particpate in a certain part
|
|
|
What are some right of people in voluntary participation?
|
(1)indivudals have the right to refuse (2)can withdraw any time during the study (3)can refuse to answer any particular questions or particpate in a certain part
|
|
|
NAME
this was developed in response to human right violations |
code of ethics
|
|
|
NAME
this was developed after the Nazi atrocities of the 1930s and 1940s |
Nuremburg code
|
|
|
The Nuremburg code was developed after the (1)
|
Nazi atrocities of the 1930s and 1940s
|
|
|
T or F
most disciplines have their own code of ethics |
true
|
|
|
What is the National reserach act?
|
created a commission to develop ethical guidelines for the involvement of humans in studies in the US
|
|
|
NAME
this act created a commission to develop ethical guidelines for the involvement of humans in studies in the US |
National Research Act
|
|
|
What are (3)basic ethical considerations for the involvement of humans in research?
|
(1)full disclosure (2)ensure confidentiality of all info (3)voluntary participation
|
|
|
What are (3)basic ethical considerations for the involvement of humans in research?
|
(1)full disclosure (2)ensure confidentiality of all info (3)voluntary participation
|
|
|
NAME
this involves three things: (1)full disclosure (2)ensure confidentiality of all info (3)voluntary participation |
3 basic ethical considerations for research involving humans
|
|
|
What is the Belmont report?
|
involved the creation of the National Research Act
|
|
|
NAME
this involved the creation of the National Research Act |
Belmont report
|
|
|
What was the National Research Act created? (2)
|
in response to the (1)nuermberg war crime trials (2)Tuskegee experiments
|
|
|
NAME
this was created in response to the Nuremburg war crime trials and Tuskegee experiments |
National Research Act
|
|
|
What are (3)primary ethical principles on which ethical conduct is based?
|
(1)respect for human dignity (2)Beneficine (3)Justice
|
|
|
NAME
this is based on three things: respect for human dignity, benefince, and justice |
primary ethical principles on which ethical conduct is based
|
|
|
What are (3)primary ethical principles on which ethical conduct is based?
|
(1)respect for human dignity (2)Beneficine (3)Justice
|
|
|
What are some principles of respect for human dignity?
|
(1)right to self-determination (2)right to full disclosure (3)informed consent
|
|
|
NAME
this is composed of these prinicples: right to self-determination, right to full disclosure, and informed consent |
human dignitiy
|
|
|
What is the right to self-determination?
|
is that all participants have the right to decide voluntary whether they want to praticpate in the study
|
|
|
the right to (1) is the right that all particpants have the right to decide if they particpate in the study or not
|
self-determination
|
|
|
What are some principles of beneficence?(3)
|
(1)freedom from harm (2)freedom from exploitation (3)risk/benefit ration-are the risk to the participants proportionate to the benefit to society
|
|
|
NAME
some principles of this include(1)freedom from harm (2)freedom from exploitation (3)risk/benefit ration-are the risk to the participants proportionate to the benefit to society |
beneficence
|
|
|
What is beneficence?
|
"above all do no harm"
|
|
|
NAME
this means "above all do no harm" |
beneficence
|
|
|
NAME
this means people should be treated equally |
Justice
|
|
|
NAME
this is the right to fair treatment |
jusitce
|
|
|
What is justice?
|
the right to fair treatment
|
|
|
What are the (3)levels of IRB?
|
(1)full (2)expedited (3)exempt
|
|
|
NAME
this has (3)levels: full, expedited, and excepmpt |
IRB
|
|
|
What is the full level of IRB?
|
is research involving vulnerable pops such as infants, children, pregrant women, prisoners, mentally incompetent
|
|
|
NAME
this levels of IRB is research involving vulnerable populations such as infants, children, pregrant women, prisoners, and mentally incompetent |
full level
|
|
|
What is the expedited level of IRB?
|
is research that has minimal risks to participants 18 yrs or older
|
|
|
NAME
this is research that has minimal risks to participants 18 yrs or older |
expedited level of IRB
|
|
|
What is the exempt level of IRB?
|
research that involves no formal review
|
|
|
NAME
this level of IRB --the research involves no formal review |
exempt level of IRB
|
|
|
What does EVP stand for?
|
evidence-based practice
|
|
|
What does EVP stand for?
|
is a model of professional pracitice which draw heavily on research to inform practice
|
|
|
nAME
this is a model of professional pracitice which draws heavily on research to inform practice |
EVP
|
|
|
NAME
this is a theory based or thoery generating |
sceince
|
|
|
What are some types of reasoning that science developed from?
|
(1)inducitve, (2)deductive (3)abductive (4)action processes
|
|
|
NAME
this developed systematically using inductive, deductive, or abductive reasoning and action processes |
science
|
|
|
NAME
this is detailed evidence on which knowledge claims are based |
science
|
|
|
traditional evidence is grounded in the assumption of a (1)
|
hierachy of evidence
|
|
|
What are (4)steps to applying evidence to practice?
|
(1)review of the literature (2)rating the evidence (3)developing clinical guidelines (4)applying guidelines to clinical settings
|
|
|
NAME
this has (4)steps: review of the literature, rating the evidence, developing clinical guidlines, and applying guidlines to clinical settings |
applying evidence to practice
|
|
|
WHat are some examples of rating systems in EBP? (3)
|
(1)ABCD system (2)1-2-3 system (3)I-II-III system
|
|
|
clinical trial is also called (1)
|
RCT
|
|
|
(1)is also called RCT
|
clinical trail
|
|
|
NAME
some examples of this include the ABCD, 1-2-3, and I-II-III systems |
evidence based practice
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T or F
ways of knowing and understanding human problems are not always amenable to RCTs |
true
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What is an assumption of RCT?
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that the RCT is the only valid design to generate a knowledge useful in clinical practice
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NAME
one assumption of this is that that the RCT is the only valid design to generate a knowledge useful in clinical practice |
RCT
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EBP involves the application of (1)to (2)
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group data to individual cases
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NAME
this involves the application of group data to individual cases |
EBP
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EBP involves the application of (1)to (2)
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group data to individual cases
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What is a prospective study?
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is a study that describes a phenomena or event that is presently occuring or unfolding over time
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NAME
this is a study that describes a phenomena or event that is presently occuring or unfolding over time |
prospective study
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What is the differ btwn a prospective and retrospective study? (2)
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(1)prospective study is a study that describes a phenomena or event that is presently occuring or unfolding over time (2)retrospective study=describes and examines a phenomena or event that has already occured
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What is a retrospective study?
|
describes and examines a phenomena or event that has already occured
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NAME
this type of study describes and examines a phenomena or event that already has occured |
retrospective study
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Why do we evaluate our clinical practice?
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to see if treatments are affective
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What is meta-anaylsis?
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compares different studies to see how effective they are
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NAME
this compares different studies to see how effective they are |
meta=anaylsis
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|
Look at the chart and answer the following questions
(1)On the average, the "student drivers" perceived which behavior as being the least risky? |
a and b
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Look at the chart and answer the following questions
(1)On the average, did the "student drivers" or "traffic violators" perceive drunk driving as being more risky? |
look at how they did data and the mean. the highest mean is the answer
student drivers |
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Look at the chart and answer the following questions
(1)Regrading drunk driving is the difference btwn the "student drivers" and the "traffic violators" statistically significant? |
yes bc less than .05
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Look at the chart and answer the following questions
(1)Regarding the "risk of distracted driving" is the difference btwn the "student drivers" and the "traffic violators" statistically significant"? |
no
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Look at the chart and answer the following questions
(1)How many of the different tables in Table 1 are not statistically significant? |
e and d
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How do you tell if data is statistically significant?
|
has to be less than .05
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How do you tell if data is statistically significant?
|
has to be less than .05
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if the p level is less than .05 the data is(1)
|
statistically significant
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If the p level is greater than .05 the data is (1)
|
no statistically signifcant
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How do you tell when the data is NOT statistically significant?
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the p value is greater than .05
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the hawthrone effect is also called the (1)
|
halio affect
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|
(1)is also called the halio effect
|
hawthrone effect
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|
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NAME
if all of the people drop of a study..what is this called |
mortality
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What is the hawthrone effect?
|
is when during a study, the participants experiences change their thoughts or views
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|
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NAME
this is when during a study, the participants experiences change their thoughts or views |
hawthrone effect
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What is ertrography?
|
is trying to explain culture
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|
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nAME
this naturalistic desgin tries to explain culture |
ertrogprahy
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NAME
this design develops theories using constant-comparison theories |
grounded theory
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What is ordinal?
|
refers to rankings
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NAME
this refers to rankings |
ordinal
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Give an example of ordinal data
|
the rankings in the military
officer sergeant general |
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NAME TYPE OF DATA
officer sergeant general |
ordinal
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NAME TYPE OF DATA
President Vice-president etc |
ordinal
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NAME TYPE OF DATA
ex likert scale |
ordinal
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NAME TYPE OF DATA
temperature |
interval
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when you collect data in one time it is called (1)
|
cross sectional study
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When you collect data more than one time it is called (1)
|
longitudinal study
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What is the differ btwn a cross sectional and longitudinal study?
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(1)cross sectional-the data is collected on time (2)longitudinal study-the data is collected over more than one time
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What is longitudinal study?
|
is when the data is collected more than once or over a period of time
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|
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NAME
this when the data is collected more than once or over a period of time |
longitudinal study
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What is cross-sectional study?
|
is when the data is collected jst one time
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|
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NAME
this type of study is when the data is collected jst one time |
cross-sectional study
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|
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What is the least desirable type of sampling?
|
convenience sampling
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NAME
this is the least desirable type of sampling |
convenience sampling
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What is the most desirable type of sampling?
|
random sampling
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|
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NAME
this is the most desirable type of sampling |
random sampling
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What type of study should use saturation?
|
experimental
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What type of study uses the emic/etic?
|
naturalstic
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What type of research codes data using a p value?
|
experimental
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What type of reserach uses variables?
|
experimental
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What are recursive methods of data collection?
|
are ways of collecting data
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NAME
this are ways of collecting data |
recursive methods of collecting data
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What is EBP?
|
this involves looking at evidence to make a clinical decision
\ |
|
|
NAME
this is usually experimental research that tests or backs up what your doing in the clinical settings |
EBP
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What is the debate w EBP?
|
is what evidence should you use in a study
|
|
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What is HIPPA?
|
protects people's medical history
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NAME
this protects people's medical history |
HIPPA
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What does RCT stand for?
|
randomized controlled trials
|
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What does NGC stand for?
|
national guideline Clearing house
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What does AHRQ stand for?
|
Agency for health care research and quality
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What are some places that health professionals can go to if they need help, want to see the evidence, or provide back for what they are doing in the clincal setting? (2)
|
(1)NGC (2)AHRQ
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What are some places that health professionals can go to if they need help, want to see the evidence, or provide back for what they are doing in the clincal setting? (2)
|
(1)NGC (2)AHRQ
|
|
|
What is EBP?
|
this involves looking at evidence to make a clinical decision
\ |
|
|
What is one assumption in the traditional approach grounded in??
|
tradition approach means EBP
says that exp research is the best type way to test things |
