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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Descriptive Research |
Measuring a variable or set of variables as they naturally exist Does not: Try to explain relationships and Identify underlying causes |
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Three types - Observational research - Survey research - Case study research |
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Systematicobservations |
Observes & systematically records behaviouras they occur in natural settings for the purpose of describing behaviour |
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Behavioural observation |
Technique used for measuring variablesthat can be used in a variety of research strategies Behaviour observation for descriptive purposes only – observational research design |
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Participants |
Representative samples allow us to generalize findings to the larger group, but… Sampling is often not under the control of the researcher |
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Situations |
People (& animals) behave differently in different situations
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Behaviour |
Repeated observation prevents conclusions based on a single, unusual behaviouralresponse of the organism |
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Types of Observations |
- Naturalisticobservation - Participantobservation - Contrivedobservation |
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Naturalistic |
Also called non-participant observation Study behaviour in natural setting without intervening in any way Researcher tries to be as in conspicuous & unobtrusive as possible |
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Participant observation |
- Researcher becomes part of the group &participates as a group member - Where being inconspicuous is not possible - Behaviours that are not usually open to scientific observations |
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Contrived observation |
Also called structured observation Sets up a situation so that events/behaviours can be observed Often conducted in laboratory orfield settings Often used by developmentalpsychologists (e.g., Piaget) |
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Weaknesses of Observational Research |
Ethical concerns - Spying on people - Violating privacy - Violating consent to participate |
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Strengthsof Observational Research |
Often have high external validity |
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Survey Research |
-Obtainself-reported answers about people’s - using a survey for descriptive purposes |
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Types of Questions |
1. Open-endedquestions
2. Restricted/Closedquestions 3. Ratingscale questions |
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Strengthsof Surveys
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- Flexible
- Relativelyeasy way to collect large amounts of information |
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Weaknesses of Surveys |
- Low response rates - Nonresponse bias - Responses can be difficult toanalyze &summarize - Depends on accuracy & truthfulness of the participant |
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Case study design |
Report with detailed description of observations & experiences during diagnosis &treatment Data obtained from: - Interviews with client, relatives, friends, etc. - Surveys - Archival data |
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Strengths& Weaknesses of Surveys |
Weaknesses: Low response rates, Non-response bias Strengths: Flexible |
