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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Direct Sources of Knowledge
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From inside you
Intuition Rationalism Empiricism |
IRE
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Indirect Sources of Knowledge
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or testimony- the intuitions, reasoning, and observations of others
Authority |
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Combinations of Direct and Indirect Sources of Knowledge
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Common sense
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Faith
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commitment or belief w/o evidence, not a knowledge but provides framework that makes knowledge possible
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Examples of Faith
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Spiritualists have faith that their spiritual insights are true
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Intuition
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a feeling that one trust but cannot directly put into words
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Types of Intuition
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Empathy
Mystical Vision |
EM
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Empathy
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a feeling that one has in response to others
ex. a mother know the meaning of her baby's cry |
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Mystical Vision
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immediate insight into the nature of reality due to the attainment of a particular state of mind
ex. Buddha's enlightenment |
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Rationalism
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following the rules of formal thought to draw conclusions from premises
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Types of Reasoning
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Deductive
Inductive |
DI
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Deductive reasoning
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application of self-evident rules to infer conclusions that necessarily follow from a set of premises
ex. all men are mortal, socrates is a man, so socrates is mortal |
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Inductive reasoning
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drawing general conclusions from specific facts or premises
ex. after adding together many pairs of odd numbers, you conclude that the sum of any two odd numbers is an even number |
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Empiricism
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the use of observation
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Types of Empiricism
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Anecdotal Evidence
Personal Experience Scientific Method |
APS
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Anecdotal Evidence
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based on a small number of non-random observations
ex. My uncle bob smokes 2 packs of cigs a day and is healthy, therefore smoking does not cause health problems |
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Personal Experience
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based on one's own casual observations ( a potentially large number of observs, but non-random)
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Scientific Method
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testing hypotheses through the systematic collection and analysis of data
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Authority
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respected testimony
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Types of Authority
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Revelation
Tradition Consensus Expert Impartial Witness |
RTCEI
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Revelation
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testimony of the supernatural
ex. the clouds part and God talks to you |
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Tradition
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testimony of one's culture
ex. I was raised Palestinian and taught that the Israeli's are cruel aggressors |
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Consensus
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testimony of the majority
ex. all the other jurors voted "guilty" so he must have been guilty |
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Expert
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Testimony of those believed to have in depth knowledge
ex. the doctor told me i have the measles |
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Impartial witness
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testimony of an observer with no stake in what you believe
ex. two teams disagree, but the referee says the player double-dribbled, so this judgement is accepted |
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Pros and Cons of different ways of knowing
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Intuition
Rationality Authority Scientific method |
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Intuition pro
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Very practical for complex everyday tasks
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Intution con
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no so helpful in unfamiliar situations, difficult to explain and impart to other people
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Rationality Pro
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tends to be very reliable
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Rationality con
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the formal rules of thought contain no content, content comes from premises that must rely on other ways of knowing
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Authority Pro
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doesnt take any effort
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Authority con
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you can be misled
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scientific method pro
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works well for control and prediction of an observable phenomena, often reliable even in unfamiliar situations
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scientific method con
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takes a long time to develop and is often impractical for idiosyncratic situations, less useful with highly complex phenomena, cant help with values or meaning
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7 steps to scientific method
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1. select a topic
2. form a hypothesis 3. design a study 4. conduct a study (make observations) 5. analyze data 6. draw conclusions 7. communicate results |
SFDCADC
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Independent variable
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what is being changed or manipulated
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dependent variable
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what is measured (outcome)
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confound variable
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anything else that factors in
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conceptual variables
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webster type terms everyone can understand
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operational variables
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observable, measureable, replicable, specific defintion
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Theory
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a set of related statements that explain a phenomena
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Types of theories
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non-scientific
scientific |
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types on non-scientific theories
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supported-tested and passed
unsupported- not tested disproved- tested and didn't pass |
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judging the scientific theory
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is it testable
parsimonious-or simple generativity-(amount of new concepts it resulted w/) scope-how much it explains |
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