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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypothesis |
A tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two or more variables |
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Variable |
A factor that varies in amount or kind and can be measured |
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Operational Definitions |
State how the researcher will measure the variables |
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Independent Variable (IV) |
The variable whose effect is being studied |
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Dependent Variable (DV) |
The variable expected to change due to variations in the independent variable |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Researcher does not intervene; measures behavior as it naturally occurs |
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Correlational |
Type of research in which the IV is not manipulated |
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Quasi-Experiment |
Type of research in which the IV is manipulated; subjects not randomly assigned to groups |
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True Experiment |
Type of research in which the IV is manipulated; subjects randomly assigned to groups |
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Population |
The group to which the researcher wishes to generalize her results |
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Representative Sample |
The sample matches as many characteristics as possible of the population as a whole |
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Random Sample |
Every population member has an equal chance to be selected for the sample |
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Stratified Random Sample |
Relevant subgroups of the population are randomly sampled in proportion to size |
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Between-Subjects Design |
An experimental design whereby each subject is exposed to only one level of each independent variable |
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Matched-Subjects Design |
In research methodology, it is a technique of matching subjects on the basis of the variable that the researcher wants to control |
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Within-Subjects Design |
In research, a technique where the same subjects are repeatedly tested in more than one experimental condition. The subject's own performance is the basis of comparison |
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Confounding Variables |
Unintended independent variables |
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Control Group Design |
A technique of treating experimental and control groups equally in all respects, except that one group is exposed to the treatment in the experiment, and the other group is not exposed to the treatment |
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Nonequivalent Group Design |
An experimental dsign whereby the researcher doesn't use random assignment, so the control group is not necessarily equivalent to the experimental group |
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External Validity |
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Experimenter Bias |
Experimenter's expectations or attitudes that can affect results (possible remedy: double-blinding) |
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Demand Characteristics |
Cues in research situation that suggest to the subject what is expected (possible remedy: deception) |
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Placebo Effect |
A type of demand characteristic where a placebo has a beneficial effect on the subjects (possible remedy: control groups) |
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Hawthorne Effect |
The effect that being observed has on behavior (possible remedy: control groups) |
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Range |
Highest score minus lowest score |
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Standard Deviation |
"Average" scatter away from the mean (also the square root of the variance) |
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Variance |
The square of the standard deviation |
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Percentile |
Indicates the percentage of scores that fall at or below a given score |
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Z-Score |
Indicates the number of standard deviations your score is away from the mean |
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Normal Distribution |
About 68 percent of the scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean; about 96 percent of the scores fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean |
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T-Score |
A test score that is converted to a normal distribution that has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10 |
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Correlation Coefficient |
A type of descriptive statistic that measures to what extent, if any, two variables are related |
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Scatterplot |
A graphical representation of correlational data |
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Factor Analysis |
A statistical technique using correlation coefficients to reduce a large number of variables to a few factors |
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Inferential Statistics |
Statistics concerned with making an inference from the sample involved in the research to the population of interest in order to provide an estimate of popular characteristics |
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Significance Test |
A statistical technique used in inferential statistics to test the probability of an observed difference |
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Type 1 Error |
An error of mistakenly rejecting the null hypothesis. The likelihood of making a Type 1 error is the criterion of significance |
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Type 2 Error |
An error of mistakenly failing to reject the null hypothesis |
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T-Test |
Significance test used when you have two groups |
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ANOVA |
Significance test used when you have more than two groups |
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Factorial Design |
Each level of a given independent variable occurs with each level of the other independent variables |
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Interaction |
When the effects of one independent variable are not consistent for all levels of the other independent variables |
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Chi-Square Test |
Significance test used when individual observations are names or categories |
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Meta-Analysis |
A statistical procedure that can be used to make conclusions on the basis of data from different studies |
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Reliability |
The consistency and stability of a test measure |
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Validity |
The extent to which a test actually measures what it purports to measure |
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Content Validity |
A type of validity that refers to how well the content items of a test measure the particular skill or knowledge area that it is supposed to measure |
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Face Validity |
A type of validity that refers to whether test items appear to measure what they are supposed to measure |
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Criterion Validity |
How well the test can predict an individual's performance on an established test of the same skill or knowledge area |
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Predictive Validity |
The use of some criterion scores obtained in advance, and validating them against scores obtained later |
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Construct Validity |
A type of validity that refers to how well a test measures the intended theoretical construct |
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Ratio IQ |
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Deviation IQ |
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Personality Inventories |
Include MMPI and CPI |
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Projective Tests |
Include Rorshach, TAT, Blacky pictures, and Rotter incomplete sentences |
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Mean |
Sum of observations / Number of observations |
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Median |
The number that divides the data in half |
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Mode |
The number with the highest frequency |
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Binet and Simon |
Developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced concept of mental age |
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Holland |
Developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes |
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Jensen |
Suggested that there were genetically based racial differences in IQ; this suggestion has been much criticized |
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Morgan and Murray |
Developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality |
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Rorschach |
Developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality |
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Rotter |
Developed a sentence completion test; a projective test designed to measure personality |
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Stern |
Developed the concept of the ratio IQ |
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Strong and Campbell |
Developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; used to assess interest in different lines of work |
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Terman |
Revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test; revision became known as the Stanford-Binet IQ Test |
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Wechsler |
Developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages (WPPSI, WISC, WAIS); these tests yield three deviation IQs: a verbal IQ, a performance IQ, and a full-scale IQ |
