Research Design

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quasi experiment

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iv manipulated subjects not randomly assigned to groups

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correlation study

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iv not manipulated

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True experiment

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IV manipulated subjects randomly assigned to groups

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Naturalistic observation

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researcher does not intervene measures behavior as it naturally occurs

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between subject design

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each subject is exposed to only one level of each independent variable. The subjects are assigned randomly to groups and subjects in a given group don’t recieve the same level of independent variable as members of another group

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Matched subject design

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A matched subject design uses separate experimental groups for each particular treatment, but relies upon matching every subject in one group with an equivalent in another. The idea behind this is that it reduces the chances of an influential variable skewing the results by negating it.

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Within subjects design/repeated measures design

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subjects own performance is the basis of comparison. Reduces error resulting from variance in individuals

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nonequivalent group design

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the control group is not necessarily similar to the experiment group since the researcher doesn’t use random assignment. Common in educational research.

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Demand characteristics

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refer to any cues that suggest to subjects what the researcher expects from them.

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Hawthorne effect

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the tendency of people to behave differently if they know that they are being observed

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descripitve statistics

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concerned with organizing, describing, quantifying and summarizing a collection of actual observation

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inferential statistics

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generalize beyond actual observations. Provide estimate of population characteristics

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Standard deviation

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provides measure of typical distance of scores from the mean.

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Variance

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is the square of standard deviation

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Range

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highest score minus lowest score

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Percentile

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tells us the percentage of scores that fall at or below that particular score.

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what percentage falls within 1 standard deviation from mean in normal distribution?

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68%

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what percentage falls within 2 standard deviations from mean in normal distribution?

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96%

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what percentage falls beyond +/-2 standard deviations

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4%

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percentage from 1 to 2 standard deviations from mean?

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14%

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percentage from 0 to 1 standard deviations from mean?

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34%

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percentage above +2 standard deviations from mean?

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2%

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Z-score

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way of calculating how many standard deviations above or below your score is from the mean

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z-score formula

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(score – mean)/SD

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Null hypothesis

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typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena

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alternate hypothesis/research hypothesis

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there is significant relationship between two phenomena being measured

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type I error

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reject null and null is true

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type II error

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accept null and null is false

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what symbol represents the probability of making type II error

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beta

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what are t-tests used for?

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used to compare means of two groups

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what are ANOVA’s used for?

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Analysis of Variance. used when you have more than two groups
factorial design: uses F ratio whether the expected values of a quantitative variable within several pre-defined groups differ from each other. For example, suppose that a medical trial compares four treatments. The ANOVA F-test can be used to assess whether any of the treatments is on average superior, or inferior, to the others versus the null hypothesis that all four treatments yield the same mean response.
Interaction: when effects of one independent variable are not consistent for all levels of the other independent variables ie. High protein breakfast helps girls more than boys IV = gender and level of protein

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what is the F ratio and what is it’s formula

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the F ratio is used by the anova test to determine between group variance the formula is F ratio = (between group variance estimate)/(within group variance estimate)

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Chi-square tests

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work with categorical data use when individual observations are names or chategories

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nominal data

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data that involves classifying or naming

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norm referenced testing

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involves assessing an individuals performance in terms of how that individual performs when compared to others

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Domain referenced testing/criterion referenced testing

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concerned with the question of what the test taker knows about specified content domain.

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Ways of determining test reliability?

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Test-retest method, alternate-form method, split-half reliability

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Test-retest method

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same test is administered to the same group of people twice. Estimates inter-individual stability of test scores over time

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Alternate-form

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examinees are give two different forms of a test that are taken at two different times

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Split-half reliability

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test takers only take one test, but that one test is divided into equal halves. Scores on one half are correlated with scores on the other half

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Content validity

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refers to its coverage of the particular skillor knowledge area that it is supposed to measure.

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face Validity

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refers to whether or not the test items appear to measure what they are supposed to measure.

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Criterion validity

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has to do with how well the test can predict an individuals performance on an established test of the same skill or knowledge area

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Cross validation

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testing the criterion validity of a test on a second sample, after you demonstrated validity using an intitial sample

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Construct Validity

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it is the extent to which what was to be measured was actually measured and is it related to the theoretical ideas behind the trait under consideration? Construct validity refers to whether a scale or test measures the construct adequately

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convergent validity and discriminant validity

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convergent and discriminant validity as two inter-locking propositions. In simple words I would describe what they are doing as follows:

Convergent: measures of constructs that theoretically should be related to each other are, in fact, observed to be related to each other (that is, you should be able to show a correspondence or convergence between similar constructs)

and

Discriminant: measures of constructs that theoretically should not be related to each other are, in fact, observed to not be related to each other (that is, you should be able to discriminate between dissimilar constructs)

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Ordinal scale

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scale that measures in ranks ie military

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interval scale

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scale that measures in equal intervals does not need true zero point ie temp

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Ratio scale

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equal intervals and true zero point

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aptitude test

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used to predict what one can accomplish through training

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achievement tests

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used to asses what one already knows

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ratio iq

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(Mental age)/(chronological age) X 100

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deviation iq

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indicates how well a person performed on a iq test relative to her/his same-age peers

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projective test

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used to determine person’s personality stimuli are relatively ambiguous and test taker is not limited to a small number of possible responses