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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CHAPTER ONE
Give the threee qualities of social research and explain each. |
Systematic-all aspects planned ahead.
Empirical Data-facts based on sensory experiences. Studies-social and psychological factors |
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List 4 types of research with examples: Descriptive
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Descriptive-discovers facts or describes reality. Ex. What is domestic violence?
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List 4 types of research with examples: Predictive
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Predictive-makes predictions about what may occur in future or other settings. Ex. Predictions about longevity.
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List 4 types of research with examples: Explanatory
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Explanatory-asks why something happened. Ex. Why do people become delinquents?
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List 4 types of research with examples: Evaluation
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Evaluation-used to plan intervention programs, monitor new ones and keep up with existing ones to determine effectiveness
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Define two types of research with examples: Basic (pure)
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Basic-little concern for practical benefits. Ex. shortest route to bank.
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Define two types of research with examples: Applied
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Applied-designed with a practical outcome in mind and with hopes that society as a whole will benefit.
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How is effective practice maintained?
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Managed care closely monitors tx to ensure cost-effectiveness. There is a demand for accountability.
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Application of Social Research in human service takes place in five areas. Name them: Behavioral and Social Environments
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Behavioral and Social Environments: seeking to gain understanding of people we serve and their enviornments
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Application of Social Research in human service takes place in five areas. Name them: Needs Assessment
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Needs Assessment: assess needs of people. Highly descriptive. EX. assessing community needs for types of mental health services.
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Application of Social Research in human service takes place in five areas. Name them: Assessment of Client Functioning
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Assessment of Client Functioning: assessing global functrioning level. Various areas of life accounted for.
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Application of Social Research in human service takes place in five areas. Name them: Program Evaluation
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Program Evaluation: entails use of scientific research to assess results of PROGRAM and see it it reaches stated goals.
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Application of Social Research in human service takes place in five areas. Name them: Practice Effectiveness Evaluation (Macro)
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Practice Effectiveness Evaluation: Assesses efficacy of intervention on INDIVIDUAL clients. (Micro)
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Address Populations with Special Issues.
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Minorities suffer disproportionately from problems workers try to alleviate. Social conditions affect minorities negatively and limit their success.
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Describe Steps in Conducting Research: Problem Formulation
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Problem Formulation: decide on problem to study for which empirical data can be collected (a researchable problem).
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Describe Steps in Conducting Research: Research Design Development
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Research Design Development: detailed plain outlining how you will observe. Plan closely followed. Who will be studied, how, and what info will be gathered are always addressed.
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Describe Steps in Conducting Research: Data Collection
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Data Collection: What kinds of data will be collected and how it will be done.
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Regarding Data Collection, describe the two aspects of data collection.
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Pilot study-small scale run of larger study
Pretest-preliminary application of data gathering techniques to determine adequacy. Can produce more pretests. |
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Describe Steps in Conducting Research: Data Analysis
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Data Analysis: Necessary to convert raw data into something meaningful like standard scores. Shows whether ideas are confirmed or refuted by empirical reality. Uses statistics.
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Describe Steps in Conducting Research: Drawing Conclusions
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Drawing Conclusions: drawn from data analysis. Purpose of drawing conclusion is to assess how much support exists for hypothesis.
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Describe Steps in Conducting Research: Public Dissemination of Results
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Public Dissemination of Results: shares knowledge so that peoplecan do further research as well as use findings for scientific advancment.
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Give the Steps in Human Service Practice Intervention: Problem Assessment
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Problem Assessment: Specify problem with which you are concerned, which factors might contribute to problem and which aspects of problem will receive priority. Must pose answerable questions.
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Give the Steps in Human Service Practice Intervention: Formulation of an intervention strategy.
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Formulation of an intervention strategy: One that will be effective in alleviating the problem. Usually several strategies will be identified. Ex. crisis intervention, behavior modification, etc.
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Give the Steps in Human Service Practice Intervention:Implementation
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Implementation: Implementing intervention strategies identified in previous stage. Therapists are primarily concerned witht he effectiveness of the intervention strategies in creating change in the client system.
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Give the Steps in Human Service Practice Intervention:Evaluation
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Evaluation: once data is collected it is analyzed to determine what study found. Were goals achieved? What costs? Undersirable side effects?
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Give the Steps in Human Service Practice Intervention:Closure
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Closure: Termination of the intervention. Suggest more intervention strategies. Suggest other sources to help client.
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Give the Steps in Human Service Practice Intervention: Documentation and Dissemination
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Documentation and dissemination: necessary to document results on progress note, tx plans, and case closure reports. Share knowledge with colleagues in workshops, articles, and case conferences.
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Compare Social Research and Human Research Practice: Problem Formulation
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Problem Assessment
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Research Design development.
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Formulate an intervention strategy
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Data collection
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Implementation of intervention
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Drawing Conclusions
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Closure
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Give the Steps in Human Service Practice Intervention: Public Dissemination
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Documentation and dissemination.
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Name the Sources of Knowledge upon which people base decisions for the most part?
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Tradition, Experience, Common Sense, Journalism, Science, Scientific practice.
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CHAPTER TWO
Describe the various sources of knowledge: Traditional |
Traditional: knowledge based on custom, habit or repetition.
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Describe the various sources of knowledge: Experiential
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Experiential: first-hand, personal observation of events
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Describe the various sources of knowledge: Common Sense
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Common Sense: practical judgments based on the experiences, wisdoms, and prejudices of a people.
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Describe the various sources of knowledge: Journalism
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Journalism: personal opinion, bias, much of it based on observation
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Describe the various sources of knowledge: Science
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Science: method of obtaining objective knowledge about the world through systematic observation. Can also be biased
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List 5 distinguishing characteristics that set science apart from other sources of knowledge: Empirical
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Empirical: direct observation of world
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List 5 distinguishing characteristics that set science apart from other sources of knowledge: Systematic
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Systematic: procedures are organized, methodical, public and recognized by other scientists
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List the 5 distinguishing characteristics that set science apart from other sources of knowledge: Science searches for causes
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Science believes that there is an order to things that can be discussed.
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List the 5 distinguishing characteristics that set science apart from other sources of knowledge: Provisional
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Provisional: conclusions are always accepted as tentative and subjective to question.
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List the 5 distinguishing characteristics that set science apart from other sources of knowledge: Objective
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Objective: scients try to avoid having their personal values influence their scientific conclusions.
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Theories in Research and Practice: Define theory
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A set of interrelated, abstract propostions or statements that offer an explanation of some phenomenon
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List the three key elements of a theory: Propositions
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Propositions-statements about relationship between some elements in the theory
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List the three key elements of a theory: Abstract Systems
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They link general and abstract propositions to particular, testable events or phenomena
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List the three key elements of a theory: Explanations
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They explain WHY something occured
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List three main functions of theories in research and practice: Explanation of phenomena
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Explaining what will happen under certain conditions and why.
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List three main functions of theories in research and practice: Guide for Research and Practice
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Helps to focus attention on certain phenomena as relevant to the issue of concern
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Note: as related to last answer, integration of multiple observations:
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Tells us why something happens, helps to integrate and explain the many observations made in diverse settings by researchers and practitioners.
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List three main functions of theories in research and practice: Verification
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Determines if the intervention produced the desired results, linking research and practice.
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See figure 2.1 p. 29 for...
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...how theory verification and practice intervention are linked
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Theory Verification
a. theory b. hypothesis c. observations d. research findings |
Practice Intervention
a. theory b. intervention plan c. intervention d. intervention outcome |
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Why are Concepts considered to be the building blocks of theories?
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For the scientific endeavor to work, all scientists need to be on the same page about meanings of words and concepts
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Explain the term: Defining Concepts.
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Mental constructs or images developed to symbolize ideas, persons, things, or events.
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What are the two types of definitions of concepts?
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Nominal definitions - verbal definitions in which scientists agree that one set of words or symbols will be used to stand for another set of words or symbols similar to dictionary definitions.
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what are the two types of definitions of concepts?
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Operational definitions - definitions that indicate the precise procedures or operations to be followed in measuring a concept.
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How do nominal and operational definitions compare?
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Nominal is at the theoretical or abstract level. Operational moves beyond the abstract level to the concrete level of research. Ex. What determines specific poverty line for families.
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List three main functions of theories in research and practice: Verification
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Determining if the intervention been shown to produce desired results. Notice that: theory verification and practice verification linked
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See Figure 2.1 p. 29 for illustration of above: Theory, hypotheses, observations, research findings = theory verification
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Versus: Theory, intervention plan, intervention, intervention outcome = practice verification (modeled after research)
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Define Concepts.
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Concepts are the building bloxcks of theories. They are mental constructs or images developed to symbolize ideas, persons, things, or events and keeps scientists on same page.
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Name the two types of definitions of Concepts.
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Nominal definitions: verbal definitions in which scientists agree that one set of words or symbols...
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...cont.
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...will be used to stand for another set of words or symbols (theoretical abstract level)
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Two types of definitions of concepts cont.
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Operational Definitions: definitions that indicate the precise procedures or operations to be followed in measuring a concept.
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...cont.
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Ex. for both levels see "poverty" p. 30. What determines the specific poverty line for families.
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...cont.
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Operational moves beyond abstract to concrete level of research.
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What is the name given to this process of moving from nominal level to operational level?
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This movement is called measurement.
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Last thoughts: Scientific investigation involves moving from a general theory to a specific researchable problem.
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A part of this process involves developing an hypotheses.
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Define hypotheses.
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Testable statements of presumed relationships between two or more concepts.
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cont...
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A statement of what we expect to find rather than what has already been determined to exist.
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cont...
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The purpose: to test the accuracy of a theory.
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Define variables.
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Things that are capable of taking on more than one value.
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What types of correlations are there with regard to variables and their relationships?
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Positive relationships: values of variables change in the same direction (negative relationships = change in opposite directions)
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Describe the guidelines when developing hypotheses: Hypotheses are linked to more abstract theories.
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Why? Because theories provide explanations for why things happen.
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Describe the guidelines when developing hypotheses: Importance of independent and dependent variables in hypotheses be clearly specified.
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Explained: Independent variable is active variable believed to produce change in dependent variable. Dependent variable is passive.
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Describe the guidelines when developing hypotheses: Precise nature and direction of relationship between variables must be specified.
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Note: Correlational variables must be specified
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Describe the guidelines when developing hypotheses: Hypotheses should be so stated that they can be verified or refuted.
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It's true!
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Describe the guidelines when developing hypotheses: All the concepts and comparisons in hypotheses must be clearly stated.
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Again. All parts of statement have to be clearly defined and understood.
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What must be remembered about concepts and definitions among minority populations.
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They can appear biased. Careful here! Operational definitions must present an accurate view of minorities.
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Perspectives in Science: Define deductive reasoning
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Involves deducing or inferring a conclusion from some premises or propositions.
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Perspectives in Science: Define inductive reasoning
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Involves inferring something about a whole group or class of objects from our knowledge of one or a few members of the group or class.
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Perspectives in Science: Notes on inductive: we test one or a few hypotheses derived from a theory and then infer something about validity of the theory as a whole.
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It takes us from observations/interventions to some assessment of theory as a whole
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Perspectives in Science: Explanations tell us why something happens or specifies the conditions under which something occurs.
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Theories focus on two types of explanations: Nomothetic and Idiographic
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Perspectives in Science: Define Nomothetic
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Focus on a class of events and attempt to specify the conditions that seem common to all those events.
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Perspectives in Science: Nomothetic cont...
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The explanation is an attempt to develop knowledge that can be generalized beyond a single study or set of circumstances.
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Perspectives in Science: Nomothetic cont...
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Example of nomothetic explanation: juveniles who shoplift have weak attachments to parents.
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Perspectives in Science:
Nomothetic cont... |
Weaknesses of explanation: not all juveniles who shoplift have weak attachments. Weak attachments is only one of many parts that may equally affect whether or not they steal.
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Last note on deduction theory: this is where a hypotheses is drawn from some premise or proposition.
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Deduction theory cont. To infer a conclusion largly from propositions that make up a theory. If correct, then the hypotheses logically derived.
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More on perspectives in science:
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We are moving from the general to the specific and from theory to hypothesis or treatment/intervention plan.
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Perspectives in Science cont: First type of explanation is nomothetic to repeat. Second type is idiographic.
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Idiographic Explanation: focus on a single person, event, or situation and attempt to specify the conditions that helped produce it.
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Perspectives in Science: Here, you would focus once again on the juvenile who shoplifts.
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ALL factors which influenced him are considered now. See causality in terms of complex pattern of factors over a period of time (not ALL instances of shoplifting).
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Perspectives in Science: with idiographic explanations, knowledge results from a thorough understanding of what?
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The particular as opposed to other factors and forces influencing ALL shoplifters.
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Perspectives in Science: Weakness of idiographic explanations?
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Limited generalizability. The improbability of extending knowledge beyond one particular case.
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Perspectives in Science: Nomothetic and idiographic wxplanations can be combined. Both have benefits.
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Explain: Nomethetic - surveys, experiments are used to develop nomothetic explanations
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Benefits of both explanations cont...
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Explain: Idiographic - field research, in-depth interviews, and historical comparative research used to develop idiographic explanation
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Paradigms in Science: Define Paradigm.
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A general way of thinking about how the world works and how we gain knowledge about the world.
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Paradigms in Science: More please.
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Paradigms are fundamental orientations, perspectives, world views
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Paradigms in Science: Give some examples.
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Positivist approach aka logical empiricism. Argues that world exists independently of people's perceptions of it.
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Paradigms in Science: Give some examples. More on the Positivist approach or logical empiricism
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This approach is the most widely held approach among natural scientists and some social scientists
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Paradigms in Science: Positivist approach cont...
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Social scientists who are positivists lean towards quantative research (measurement using numbers and counts)
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Paradigms in Science: Positivist approach cont...
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Positivists also tend to use deductive and nomothetic explanations and survey research.
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Paradigms in Science: Postivists also use Qualitative Research. Define it.
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Qualitative research involves data in the form of words, pictures, descriptions, or narratives rather than numbers or counts.
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Paradigms in Science: Tell me more.
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Qualitative research associates with inductive and idiographic approaches.
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Paradigms in Science: Define nonpositivist approach (aka interpretive approach)
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Perceives social reality as having a subjective component and as arising out of the creation and exchange of sociel meanings during social interaction.
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Paradigms in Science: Tell me more on the nonpositivist approach.
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It focuses on the subjective and personal meanings that people attach to themselves and what they do.
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Paradigms in Science: Define interactionist approach.
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Interactionist or Versteshen (Max Weber) approach looks at how people do, feel, and think about what is happening to them.
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Paradigms in Science: More on interactionist? Yes. Social reality has a subjective component that the positivist misses.
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People attach personal meanings to what they do which must be measured.
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Paradigms in Science: List some differences between Positivist and Non-positivist
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P say subj. meaning difficult to quantify and study-non P argue its key part of social reality.
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Paradigms in Science: List some differences between Positivist and Non-positivist cont...
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P discover what exists in the world while Non-P help create social reality through their scientific work.
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Paradigms in Science: List some differences between Positivist and Non-positivist cont...
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Both P and Non-P are beneficial and have their strengths.
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Cause and Effect Relationships: What are we looking at here?
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Here we look at WHY something occured.
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Cause and Effect Relationships: More?
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Yes. Causality-independent variable (x) is the factor (or one of several factors) whose changes produces variation in dependent variable (y). Here, causality can only be inferred.
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Cause and Effect Relationships: More please...
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Well, becasue causality cannot be observed directly, it must be inferred from observation of other factors.
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Cause and Effect Relationships: Okay, so what are the rules?
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To infer the existence of a causal relationship, the following must be demonstrated.
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To infer the existence of a causal relationship demonstrate:
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1. A statistical association between ind. and dep. variable.
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To infer the existence of a causal relationship demonstrate:
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2. The independent variable must occur prior in time to the dependent variable
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To infer the existence of a causal relationship demonstrate:
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3. The relationship between ind. and dep. variables must not be spurious (disappear) when effects of other variables are taken into account.
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CHAPTER THREE: Ethical Issues in Social Research. Define ethics.
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Ethics is study of what is proper and improper behavior, of moral duty and obligation.
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Ethical Issues: Who are researchers accountable to?
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Those who participate in research. Sponsors of research. Those who stand to benefit from research.
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Minority Experience: Need for Ethical Standards. Which two events stand as major catalyst for efforts to codify set of ethical standards?
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WW II - cruel experiments conducted on Jews with no concern for ethics. The Tuskegee Experiment US PHS - Despite a cure available for syphilis, it was withheld from patients. Many passed it on to family members. Some died.
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Need for Ethical Standards: Ethical standards for medical research established in 1966 by Public Health Services.
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As follows: 1. full disclosure of relevant info should be given to participants.
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Need for Ethical Standards: Ethical standards of 1966 cont...
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2. Decision to participate must be completely voluntary.
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Need for Ethical Standards: Ethical standards of 1966 cont...
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3. Researchers must obtain documented, informed consent from participants.
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Need for Ethical Standards: The Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare established IRB's to ensure guidelines were followed.
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IRB explain? Institutional Review Boards.
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Ethical Standards cont... List IRB criteria:
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1. risks to subject minimized
2. Risks to subjects reasonable with anticipated benefits. |
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Ethical Standards cont... List IRB criteria:
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3. Selection of subjects is equitable.
4. Informed consent necessary from subject or guardian |
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Ethical Standards cont... List IRB criteria:
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5. Research plan makes provision for monitoring safety of participants
6. Confidentiality maintained |
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Ethical Standards cont... List 3 quintessential requirements for ethical conduct of research.
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1. respect for persons
2. beneficience = minimizing harm 3. justice |
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Are any groups exempt from IRB review: Yes.
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Elaborate. 1. evaluation of instructional procedures. 2. educational testing.
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Are any groups exempt from IRB review cont...
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3. survey or interview techniques. 4. observation of public behavior. 5. documentary research
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Are there any exceptions?
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Yes. Research dealing with sensitive behaviors such as drug & alcohol use, sexual conduct.
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List the six basic ethical issues that arise in social science research.
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1. informed consent 2. deception 3. privacy 4. physical or mental distress 5. problems w/sponsored research 6. scientific misconduct 7. advocacy
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