Research And Methods Chapter 1

Front 1

refers to types of claims that appear scientific

but are not

Back 1

pseudoscience

Front 2

knowledge acquired from personal

experiences or observations (hunches)

Back 2

intuition

Front 3

accepting knowledge based solely on

consideration of the source (prestige) prone

to corruption/ deceit / abuse

Back 3

authority

Front 4

i think there for i am is an example is what way to understand the world ; only as good as premises

Back 4

reason

Front 5

the following is an indicator of what?

methods are not scientific(rigorous), lacking, precision, ect

Back 5

pseudoscience

Front 6

the following is an indicator of what?

evidence is often anecdotal (selected case

testimonginals )

Back 6

pseudoscience

Front 7

the following is an indicator of what?

studies which ignore conflicting evidence

(biased)

Back 7

pseudoscience

Front 8

knowledge which is acquired through systematic observations

Back 8

Empirical

Front 9

observations free from bias are known as having an _____________ look of real science

Back 9

objective

Front 10

real science must be available to all thus be _____________

Back 10

public

Front 11

a characteristic of real science is that be able to be ____________ in other studies

Back 11

replicated

Front 12

real science involves two types of reasoning,

___________ and ___________

Back 12

inductive and deductive

Front 13

scientific research is _______________ because it uses observations to obtain its information and data

Back 13

empirical

Front 14

all knowledge is obtained by the senses not innate or inherited

Back 14

empiricism

Front 15

data is to ______ and facts make from _______

Back 15

give , what facts give

Front 16

science is empirical thus is only interested in facts that are _____________

Back 16

falsifiable

Front 17

something which can be supported or refuted by empirical data is called _____________

Back 17

falsifiable

Front 18

a type of testing in which neither the subject nor the experimenter knows which treatment

condition the subject recieved

Back 18

double-blind-procedure

Front 19

in order to be considered real science, the

observations must be _______________ by anyone, using the appropriate instrunments

Back 19

Public

Front 20

what are the five factors of real science

Back 20

1. empirical

2. objective

3. public

4. replication

5. inductive and deductive reasoning

Front 21

what refers to the requirement that findings must be confirmed by repeating the study and

obtaining the same results

Back 21

Replication

Front 22

Replication enhances the __________ of a study and rules out ____________ findings

Back 22

authority, flukes

Front 23

________ reasoning makes a gererlization from

specific observations

Back 23

inductive reasoning

Front 24

a claim that works from small to big, such as

a specific instance into a general claim is

Back 24

inductive reasoning

Front 25

begins with a general statement hypothesis and examines the related specific instances to test the general claim

Back 25

deductive reasoning

Front 26

reasoning that works from big to small; general claim into specific instances

Back 26

dedutive reasoning

Front 27

what are the four goals research in psychology

Back 27

1. description

2. prediction

3. identify cause

4. explanation of behavior

Front 28

_______of behaviour is an important first step which generates new ideas

Back 28

description

Front 29

prediction of behaviour requires _______ between two variables

Back 29

correlation

Front 30

refers to when the cause is present, the effect is present, when the cause is absent the effect is absent, seen in correlations also

Back 30

covariation for cause and effect

Front 31

refers to the casual relationship in which the cause must come before the effect

cause must have a ________ precedence over the effect

Back 31

temporal /precedence relationships

Front 32

casual claim such as nothing other than a casual variable could be responsible for the observed effect... is an example of

Back 32

alternative explanation

Front 33

ruling out other options for a casual relationship is called ___________ and cannot be established with _______________ research

Back 33

alternative explanation; correlational

Front 34

what are three important aspects to explanations of behavior

Back 34

1. modeling

2. desensitzation

3. perceived as normal

Front 35

when a study is done for the information in itself;; for it's own sake such as testing a theory or model

it is called __________ research

Back 35

basic

Front 36

when a study is done to achieve information to solve an immediate practical problem it is called ________ research

Back 36

applied

Front 37

__________ must be proven via experiments though the _________ which lead to the study may be simply reasoning though not claimed

diffintivetly

Back 37

causation and correlation