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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 steps of evidence based practice
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1. A clinical problem is identiied and an answerable research question is formulated
2. Systemic lit review is conducted and best evidence collected 3. Researche vidence is summarized and critically analyzed 4. Evidence is synthesized and applied to clinical practice |
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What is descriptive research?
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Determines are reports existing phenomena
Questionnaire, survey, interview, observation Case studies, longitudianl studies |
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What is correlational research and what do the values mean?
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Whether a relationship exists between 2 or more quantifiable variables
Does not find cause and effect +1 = perfectly correlated -1 = inversely related Can be retrosepctive,descriptive, or predictive |
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What is a cohort design?
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Experimental design that exposes a group of subjects to an intervention and follows them over time
May or may not have a control group |
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A-B vs. A-B-A-B single subject experimental design
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A-B = baseline and treatment phase
A-B-A-B = two baselines with two different treatments |
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What is Causal-comparative reserach?
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Attemps to define a cause and effect relationship through group comparisons
Groups are compared based on dependent variables (ie. gender or type of brain injury) |
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Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio scales
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Nominal: 1 or 2 (M or F)
Ordinal: Worst to best (gpa) Interval: ranked on equal interals, but with no true zero point (temp, IQ) Ratio: Ranked on equal intervals with true zero point (height,weight, goni) |
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What is a stratified sample?
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When individuals are selected from a population from identified subgroups based on some predetermined characteristic (ie. excessive valgus)
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Effect size
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The size (quantity) of the differences between sample menas; allows a statistical test to find a difference when one really does exist
A way of quantiying the size of the difference between 2 groups Was each person in the group higher than the other group? Or was it spread out? |
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Internal vs. external validity
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Internal: Extent to which the observed results on the DV are a direct result of the IV
External: Degree to which results are generalizable outside of the experimental study |
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Face validity
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Assumption of validity based on the appearance of an intrument as a reasonable measure of a variable
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Content validity
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Degree to whch an intrument measures on inteded content area
Decided by experts |
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Concurrent validity
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2 tests are given at same time and compared to the gold standard
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Predictive validity
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Degree to which a test is able to predict future performance
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Contruct validity
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Degree to which a test measures an intended hypothetical abstract concept
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Threats to validity
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1 Sampling bias (not random)
2. Failure to exert rigid control over subects 3. Learning effect (pretest influences scores on posttest) 4. Measurement instrument is not accurate (measures mo control instead of mm strength) 5. Pretest-treatment interaction (subject responds differently b/c of pretest) 6. Multiple tx interference 7. Experimenter bias 8. Hawthorne effect (subjects knowledge of participation influences results of a study) 9. Placebo effect |
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Split-half reliability
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Degree of agreement when a test is split in half and the reliability of first half is compred to second half
Measure of internal consistency |
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Sensitivity
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test's ability to correctly identify those with a disease/condition (true positive)
SNOUT = negative means they don't have it. Zero false positives, therefore helps to rule it in |
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Specificity
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Test's ability to correctly identify proportion of individuals who do not have a disease/condition (true negative)
SPIN = positive and you do have it. ZERO false negatives, therefore you have that shit |
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Case control study
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Retrospective study
A group of pp with a similar condiiton is compared with a group that does not have the condition to determine factors that may have played a role in the condition |
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Brief description of levels of evidence 1-5
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1: SR of multiple RCTs
2: SR of cohort studies (2a), individual cohort (2b) 3: Cas-control study 4: case-seies 5: expert opinion |
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What is descriptive statistics and what does it measure
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Summarize and describe data
Includes measure of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability |
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Meausres of variability with descriptive statistics
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Range: high to low
SD Normal distribution (bell-shaped symmetrical curve) with most scores near the mean |
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What is inferential statistics and what are the concepts?
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Help determine how likely the results of a study of a sample can be generalized to the whole population
Standar error of measurement (estimate of exprected errors) Tests of significance (probability lvels, DOF, errors) |
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Type I vs. Type II error
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Type 1: null hypothesis rejected when it is true
Type II: null hypothesis not rejected when it is false |
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Assumptions with parametric statistics
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Normal distribution within the population exists
Random sampling Variance in groups is equal |
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T-test
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Compare difference btw two independent groups
Compares two means within a single sample |
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One tail vs. two tail T-test
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One tail: only concerned with differences on one end of a distrubituion
Two tail based on a nondirectional hypothesis (ie. either group of patients, tx or control, can exhibit better rehab outcomes) |
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ANOVA
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simple one-way
Compares multiple groups on a single DV ie. 3 groups of elderly on BERG |
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MANOVA
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2 or more groups on multiple DVs
ie. 3 groups of elderly on BERG and tinetti |
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What is nonparametric statistics
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Testing not based on population paramaters
Based on ordinal or nominal data |
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Chi square
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Nonparametric
Compares data in the form of frequency counts occuring in two or more mutually exclusive categories TElls the researcher if the observed pattern is different from what would have been expected by chance alone Used alot with genetics and population studies |
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5 types of correlation statistics
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1. Pearson produce-moment coefficient (r)
2. Spearman's rank correlaion coefficeint (r88) 3. Point bisrieal correlation 4. Rank biserial correlation 5. ICC (based on ANOVA) |
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Pearson product-moment vs. sperman's rank
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Pearson: Degree of relation between 2 quantitative variables on interval or ratio scale. ie. GPA and SAT scores
Spearman's rank: used to correlated ordinal data: relationship of verbal and reading comprehension scores |
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Point vs. Rank biserial correlation
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Point: One variable is dichotomous (nominal) and the otehr is ratio or interval
ie. left or right (dichotomous) and degree of elbow flexor spasticity Rank: dichotomous and ordinal variables ie. gender (dichotomous) and fucntional ability (scale) |
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Strenth of correlations
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High = .76 to 1.0
Moderate = 0.51-0.75 Fiar 0.26-0.50 -0.5 to -1.0 = min decrease in liklihood <-0.5 = large and often conclusive dec in liklihood |
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Common variance
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Representation of the degree that variation in one variable is attibuate to anothe variable
Square to correlation coefficient ie. 0.7 mean 49% of variation can be explained by other variable |
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What is linear regression used for?
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Generates an equation such that can X predict Y
Can BP be predicted from age? |
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Grades of Evidence
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A: level I (RCTs)
B: Cohorts and case-controls (II and III) C. Case series (IV) D. Expert opinion |
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What is multiple regression?
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Identifies best combo of predictors (IVs) of the DVs
Multiple IVs One DV Which combo of IVs best predicts the DV? |
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In a normal distribution, what % of scores are expected to fall within 1, 2, 3 SD of the mean
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1: 68%
2: 95% 3: 99% |
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Diffrence between cohort and case series
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Cohort: everyone gets the same treatment
Case-series: not as formal, may not have exact same treatment in terms of dose, frequency, etc. |
