Research

Front 1

declarative purpose statement?

Back 1

single stmt;
why, what, where, who
(eg: the purpose of the study is to determine the extent to which different providers result in differences in pt compliance w/plan of care)

Front 2

questions?

Back 2

purpose stmt as question
(eg: what is the relationship b/w provider type ARNP/MD and pt compliance w/the plan of care?)

Front 3

hypothesis is?

Back 3

formulation of the research ? into a declarative stmt of prediction

Front 4

types of hypotheses?

Back 4

directional vs nondirectional
simple vs complex
null (statistical) vs research

Front 5

what is another name for null hypothesis?

Back 5

statistical

Front 6

what is an independent variable?

Back 6

observed, introduced, or manipulated to determine effect on another variable; may be experimented, tx, intervention, or predictor

X or predictor variable

controlled & manipulated

Front 7

what is a dependent variable?

Back 7

criterion/outcome variable
observed for change after tx;
variable under investigation;
what is measured after exposure to ind var

Front 8

what is the book def of dependent variable?

Back 8

a variable that is observed for change or to assess the possible effect of tx/manipulation

Y or criterion

Front 9

what is an extraneous variable?

Back 9

confounding variable
not under investigation
should be controlled

Front 10

what is a topic?

Back 10

area of interest

Front 11

what is a research problem?

Back 11

something that can be investigated by collecting and analyzing data

Front 12

what is a problem stmt?

Back 12

outlines all relevant variables @ beginning; identifies significant problems

Front 13

what is an operational def?

Back 13

explanation of how variables in the study are to be measured (focused/specific)

Front 14

what is the book def of operational def?

Back 14

exp of concepts in variables, in terms of how they are defined for a particular study

Front 15

purpose of a lit review?

Back 15

to discover what is already known about the problem, what has been done, and what needs to be done

Front 16

what are primary sources?

Back 16

written by the original author

Front 17

what are 2nd sources?

Back 17

written by someone other than the original author

Front 18

what are sources of lit?

Back 18

journals, databases, indexes, abstracts

Front 19

lit review should include?

Back 19

critical citation of previous studies; current/classic citations; supporting/opposing lit; appropriate subheadings;
primary sources
brief summary

Front 20

what is nursing research?

Back 20

systematic
scientific inquiry
knowledge development

Front 21

what does research focus on?

Back 21

phenomena
nursing areas of practice, education, and administration

Front 22

what is the book def of nursing research?

Back 22

a systematic process of investigating problems to gain knowledge about improving the care that nurses give to pt

Front 23

what is the goal of research?

Back 23

explain
predict
control phenomena

Front 24

what is scientific inquiry?

Back 24

process in which observable, verifiable data are systematically collected from our surroundings through our senses to describe/explain/predict events

Front 25

what are the concepts of the nursing paradigm?

Back 25

health
environment
person
nursing

Front 26

what is a positivist?

Back 26

empirical research
objective
"no control" over events
one reality

Front 27

what is a naturalist?

Back 27

dynamic
seen differently
multiple realities
subjective
mentally constructed

Front 28

what is empirical data?

Back 28

documented evidence (data) gathered through direct observation rather than a researcher's subjective belief

Front 29

what is qualitative research?

Back 29

generates knowledge using methods of inquiry that emphasize subjectively and the meaning of the experience of the individual

Front 30

what is triangulation?

Back 30

use of quanititive/qualitative methods to collect data about a particular phenomenon

Front 31

what is basic research?

Back 31

expanding knowledge
generating

Front 32

what is applied research?

Back 32

solving problems
testing

Front 33

what are ways of knowing?

Back 33

tradition, authority, common sense, trial and error, inspiration, intuition, scientific inquiry

Front 34

what is the book def of ways of knowing?

Back 34

an ass't of methods used to acquire new knowledge

Front 35

steps in the research process?

Back 35

FRDCSSAIDI
formulate
review
define
create
select
specify
analyze
interpret
disseminate
integrate

Front 36

Nuremberg code?

Back 36

protection of subjects from harm/risk
*right to withdraw from participation
*IC for participation

Front 37

Declaration of Helsinki?

Back 37

*potential benefits, risks
*ASSENT (guardian permission)

Front 38

Belmont report?

Back 38

*respect of human dignity
-autonomous
-diminished autonomy
*Beneficience (do no harm)
*Justice: = presention/distribution of benefits

Front 39

ANA standards of research

Back 39

*freedom from injury
*privacy and dignity
*anonymity and confidentiality

Front 40

how long must anonymity be held for?

Back 40

5 years

Front 41

book def of anonymity?

Back 41

a condition where the ID of the subject remains unknown, even to the researcher, to protect subjects participating in the study

Front 42

Confidentiality?

Back 42

protecting data by not disclosing information that is gathered or learned from patients w/o their consent

Front 43

Vulnerable groups?

Back 43

children
elderly
mentally/emotionally disabled
pregnant
institutionalized
pain
sedated
dying
unconscious

Front 44

key elements of IC?

Back 44

simple language
written
voluntary participation
no coercion
freedom to w/draw whenever

Front 45

IRB purpose is to ensure

Back 45

ethical behavior of research
well-designed study
protection of subjects

Front 46

what are some types of IRB?

Back 46

*full
*expedited

Front 47

what does a full IRB look like?

Back 47

entire committee
*lawyers
*laypeople
*clergy
*scientific community

Front 48

what is an expedited IRB?

Back 48

IRB chair + one other member

Front 49

what is cross sectional study?

Back 49

involves comparison of >=2 groups @ one time
*does not require f/u

Front 50

what is descriptive research?

Back 50

non experimental
*provide knowledge base when little is known
*used to describe variable rather than test a predicted relationship

Front 51

what is experimental research?

Back 51

study which the researcher manipulates and controls one or more variables
*observes effect in another variable

Front 52

non-experimental research?

Back 52

descriptive study
*does not exhibit a strong degree of control over variables

Front 53

prospective research?

Back 53

a study that examines data collected in the present

Front 54

retrospective research?

Back 54

a study that examined data collected in the past

Front 55

secondary analysis

Back 55

reanalysis of data collected previously to create a new research project

Front 56

scholarly literature?

Back 56

can refer to research-based publications and conceptual or theoretical literature

Front 57

empirical lit?

Back 57

data-based lit that presents reports of completed research
(AKA scientific research)

Front 58

nursing science?

Back 58

body of knowledge that is unique to nursing

Front 59

research consumer?

Back 59

readers of nursing research whose objective is applying findings to nursing practice or using the findings to conduct further research

Front 60

research team?

Back 60

a group that collaborates to conduct a research project, from determining the initial research question through communicating the results

Front 61

rigor?

Back 61

striving for excellence in research, which involves discipline, scrupulous adherence to detail and strict accuracy

Front 62

scientific inquiry?

Back 62

process of analyzing data critically that has been gathered systematically about a particular phenomenon

Front 63

scientific method?

Back 63

*systematic
*select/define problem
*formulate question/hypothesis
*collect data
*analyze data
*report results

Front 64

ways of knowing

Back 64

an asst of methods used to acquire new knowledge

Front 65

human rights?

Back 65

protection of subjects
*right to freedom from inquiry
*right to privacy/dignity
*right to anonymity/confident

Front 66

what is Ho?

Back 66

null hypothesis

Front 67

what is H1/Ha

Back 67

research hypothesis

Front 68

what is ontology?

Back 68

what is the nature of the knowable (reality)

Front 69

what is epistemology?

Back 69

what is the relationship b/w the knower and the known
(investigator/subjects)

Front 70

what is axiology?

Back 70

what is the role of value in the relationship b/w knower and known

Front 71

what is methodology?

Back 71

how should the knower obtain knowledge (data)

Front 72

positivist vs naturalist ontology?

Back 72

Positivist: monistic, driven by natural causes
Naturalist: multiple reality; subjective

Front 73

positivist vs naturalist epistemology?

Back 73

P: independent; must not influence findings
N: active participant

Front 74

positivist vs naturalist axiology?

Back 74

P: values/bias in check; objectivity
N: subjective; values desired

Front 75

positivist vs naturalist methodology?

Back 75

P: deductive; discrete variables; fixed design; quantitative; generalizations
N: inductive, holistic, flexible design; narrative patterns

Front 76

when does research actually prove something?

Back 76

never.
research provides support for a hypothesis

Front 77

what happens w/repeated studies?

Back 77

we can place high degree of confidence in our findings when those findings are consistent across time/conditions

Front 78

the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of pain on quality of life in female breast cancer survivors is an example of what?

Back 78

declarative statement

Front 79

for purposes of this study, pain is defined as "whatever the experiencing person says it is" is an example of what?

Back 79

operational definition

Front 80

what is the effect of pain on quality of life in female breast cancer survivors is an example of what?

Back 80

research question

Front 81

a directional, simple hypothesis is?

Back 81

makes a specific prediction about the relationship b/w 2 variables (eg pain will ><)

Front 82

non-directional, simple hypothesis is?

Back 82

does not stipulate in advance the direction and nature of the relationship b/w 2 variables (eg pain will change...)

Front 83

what is a directional hypothesis?

Back 83

makes a specific prediction about the relationship b/w 2 variables

Front 84

what is a simple hypothesis?

Back 84

1 dep & 2+ independent variables

Front 85

what is a complex hypothesis?

Back 85

>=2 dep & >=2 indpendent variables

Front 86

what is an alternative hypothesis?

Back 86

can be directional or nondirectional

Front 87

cancer pts who have both pain and fatigue will report less QOL and benfit-finding than cancer pts who do not have pain and fatigue.
What is the IV, DV, simple or complex, directional/nondirectional?

Back 87

IV: pain, fatigue
DV: QOL benefit
simple vs complex? complex
direct/nondirect: directional

Front 88

Solid foam mattress overlays are more effective than convoluted foam overlays in preventing pressure sores in elderly pts.
IV, DV, simple vs complex, direction/nondirect

Back 88

IV: type of mattress
DV: pressure sores
simple vs complex: simple
directional/nondirect: direct