Research

Front 1

-Any research class is fun
-Any particular research class is enormously fun

which is right?

Back 1

any research class is fun

Front 2

-An assignment was given by the instructor.
-The instructor gave an assignment

which is right?

Back 2

the instructor gave an assignment

Front 3

what are the rules of writing?

Back 3

-Do not write in third person
-write in active tense
-eliminate unnecessary words
-eliminate phrases when a word will do

Front 4

-The researchers administered the survey
-We administered the survey

which is right?

Back 4

we adminstered the survey

Front 5

-The plucky student
-The student with lots of pluck

which is right?

Back 5

the plucky student

Front 6

Which edition of the APA handbook style should you use?

Back 6

the fifth edition

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The lit review is sometime titled...

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history, background

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Start searching you topic _____ then get _____

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broad, narrow

inverted pyramid

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avoid a ______ approach

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list-like

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try to _____ findings and discover ____ and ____ in the field you are researching

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integrate
key areas
major arguments

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Elements of an article: methodology

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subjects
procedures
variables

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subjects

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description and sampling

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procedures

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including instruments

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variables

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detailed descriptions

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sometimes there are additional methodolgy such as

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hypotheses
research design
statistical methods

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results are presented in...

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narrative or graphic form

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results are ____, but not _____ on

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presented
commented

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discussions and conclusions are sometimes all ____ section, but can be ____

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one
separate

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-talks about findings
-what they mean
-addresses limitations
-integrates findings back into the larger body of literature

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discussions

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-sums up study
-the implications & importance to social work practice & research
-suggests directions for future research.

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conclusions

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-allows readers to track your thinking
-to provide checks on your
theoretical framework and ethics.
-allows the reader to locate articles that they find interesting.
-reverse searching

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references

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how to narrow your search

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Date ranges
Language
Format (books vs. journals vs. monographs…)
Title words

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where to find data

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“reverse searching”
PsychInfo
Sociofile
Social Work abstracts
Social Services Infonet
ERIC

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searching hints

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stick with recent studies
look for review articles
if not in full-text go to library
be wary of biased opinions

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revising/refining your topic

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-dont be afraid to if too broad/narrow
-may be way too much or not enough out there
-may find aspect of topic interesting

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no web standards ensure ____

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accuracy

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reasons people create web pages

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Personal .com ~.edu
Advocacy .org, often to persuade, sell opinion/viewpoint
Commercial/marketing .com
Informational .edu/.gov

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It is a social institution, and a way to produce knowledge
It is organized according to social theories
based on evidence, or empirically observed experiences (i.e.: from the five senses).
The data of science may be qualitative or quantitative.

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What is Science?

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-provides answers seemingly based on science, but lacking in actual rigor.
-It distorts real science by offering official-sounding answers, often supplied by businesses, interest groups, and even some churches.
-lacks quality control and findings often are not able to be replicated.
-It promises unique cures and solutions.

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psuedoscience

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applies knowledge over a broad range of cases or locations

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universalism

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questions the methods used, the data uncovered, and the findings reported.

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organized skeptism

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strives for objectivity in all areas

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disinterestedness

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researchers belong to one or more communities of scholars

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communalism

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researchers insist on adherence to strict rules of evidence and interpretation

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honesty

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-They distribute scientific knowledge in a timely fashion.
-follow strict standards for submission.

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journals

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-They require pre-publication review by peers to maintain organized skepticism.
-They account for prior research and literature.
-do not pay their authors; the prestige of publishing is the reward they offer.

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journals

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Selecting a topic
Reviewing the literature
Focusing the question
Designing a study
Collecting data
Analyzing and interpreting findings
Informing others of your findings

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steps in research process

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steps in research process

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Selecting a topic
Reviewing the literature
Focusing the question
Designing a study
Collecting data
Analyzing and interpreting findings
Informing others of your findings

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-It constructs social reality subjectively.
-It focuses on interactive processes and events
-depends on authenticity

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qualatative

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-It involves the researcher intimately in the study being conducted
-It recognizes & responds to preexisting scientific values

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qualatative

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-used to analyze inductively themes that repeat in the data.

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qualatative

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-It focuses on studying a small number of special cases.

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qualatative

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-recognizes the value of experience in specific situations.

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qualatative

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-measures ‘facts’ objectively.
-It focuses on variables.

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quanatative

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-It removes the researcher from the study by remaining detached
-It remains free of preexisting values

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quanatative

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-analyzes numbers using inferential statistics
--depends on reliability

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quanatative

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-It studies many cases and subjects

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quanatative

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-stays independent of the context and setting

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quanatative

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Three Basic Types of Research

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exploratory
descriptive
explanatory

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social work research is done via case studies and learning the names of variables.

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exploratory

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social work research is done via surveys and learning how variables are distributed.

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descriptive

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social work research is done via experiments and learning how variables can be described

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explantory

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-Become familiar with the setting.
-Create a general mental picture of the setting.

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goals of exploratory

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-Determine the feasibility of the hypotheses.
-Decide what to measure within the setting.

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goals of exploratory

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-Formulate and focus questions about the setting.
-Generate one or more hypotheses.

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goals of exploratory

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-Provide a detailed, accurate picture.
-Locate new data.

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goals of descriptive

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-Document causal processes.
-Report background and context.

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goals of descriptive

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-Create a set of categories.
-Clarify the sequence of steps.

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goals of descriptive

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-Test a theory’s predictions.
-Elaborate or enrich the theory.

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goals of explantory

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-Determine which explanations work best.
-Support or refute an explanation.

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goals of explanatory

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-Extend the theory to new issues.
-Link the causes with general principles.

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goals of explanatory

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research is detached, scientific, and academically oriented

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basic

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research is activist, pragmatic, and reform oriented

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applied

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-While it is ordinarily intrinsically satisfying to the investigator, judgments are made by other professional researchers.
-Problems and subjects are selected with less outside interference.

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basic research

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-The goal is to contribute to basic or theoretical knowledge.
-Success comes via publication in scholarly journals.

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basic research

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-The research is judged by absolute standards.
-Internal logic and rigor are the key to this research.

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basic research

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-It is largely university-based.
-It’s goal is knowledge-building.
-It normally involves theory testing.
-It prefers experiments.
-It often requires long-term studies.

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basic research features

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-Research is part of a job and is judged by sponsors or outsiders.
-problems and subjects studied are narrowly constrained.

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applied research

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-The goal is to develop practical payoffs or results.
-Success is defined by
results that can used by the sponsors and others

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applied research

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-The research standards depend on the results.
-Generalizing results for sponsors is key to applied research.

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applied research

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types of applied research

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action research
social impact studies
evaluation research
empowerment research

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action research

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change a situation

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social impact studies

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to inform policy

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evaluation research

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to assess results

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empowerment research

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to stregnthen and give voice to less fortuanate

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time dimension in research

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cross sectional
longitudinal
time series
cohort
panel

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research is like a snapshot; gathering data at one point in time

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cross sectional

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research analogous to a movie or video; investigations gather data at multiple points in time.

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longitudinal

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are multiple studies of different samples over some period of time (e.g.: opinion surveys).

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time series

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research involves multiple studies of different samples of similar categories or groups (e.g.: students entering college this year).

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cohort

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research involves multiple studies of the same sample over an extended period of time.

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panel

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Quantitative Data are Obtained Through

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experiements
surveys
content analysis
existing statistics

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explanatory research involving group comparisons

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experiments

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descriptive research asks many people numerous questions

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surveys

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assessment of written, pictorial or symbolic material (text

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content analysis

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using previously collected information to examine old or create new findings.

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existing statistics

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Qualitative Data are Obtained Through

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field research
historical comparative analysis
Phenomenological investigation
Feminist and Postmodern studies

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case studies of specific settings or contexts

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field research

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examining aspects of social life in a past historical era or across different cultures today.

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Historical comparative analysis

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examining how people socially construct their lives.

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Phenomenological investigation

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examining critically how scare resources are distributed and justified in terms of traditional Western thought.

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Feminist and Postmodern studies

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technology ups and downs

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speed of communication
the ability to easily store and compute
rapid searches for information available via the Internet are very helpful.

technology causes decreased intimacy
rewards impersonal communicatio
searches tend to be shallow and avoid in-depth analysis.

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system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condense and organize knowledge about the social world.

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thoery

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should be parsimonious (simple), internally consistent, and have clear criteria for their refutation.

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theory

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how theory ideology similar

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-contain basic assumptions.
-explain matters social work, and how and/or why it changes.
-offer a system of concepts.
-tell what circumstance causes what outcome.
-provide an interconnected system of ideas.

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how theory and ideology different

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-Ideologies are absolute while theories are conditional.
-Ideologies have all the answers, but theories are incomplete.
-Ideologies are fixed, closed, and finished; theories are growing, open, and able to expand.
-Ideologies avoid tests while theories welcome tests.

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avoid tests, fixed, closed, and finished, have all the answers, are absolute, ignore opposing evidence, moral beliefs, highly partial, inconsisten

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ideologies

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conditional, incomplete, growing, open, and able to expand, welcom tests, change because of opposing evidence, detached from personal beliefs, neutrel, seek congruity

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theory

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ideas expressed as symbols or in words having two parts: a word or a term and a definition of that word or term.

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concepts

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vary from concrete to abstract

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concepts

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cluster together, forming a web of meaning for a theory,

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concepts

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form classifications, helping to organize complex relationships

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concepts

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two or more concepts are combined.

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typology or taxonomy

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sees theories as soft mental images involving values and beliefs while facts are hard, settled and observable.

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empiricist view

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the idea that the powerful influence of our thoughts often dictates what we observe as facts. We only know the world through our consciousness, and it is colored by our language and subcultures.

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relativist view

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direction\
level of relaity
formal or substantive
form of explanation
framework of assumption

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how theories can be catergorized

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reasoning can be either deductive or inductive

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direction

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whether it is micro, meso, or macro

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level of reality

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whether it is either a paradigm or a theoretical system

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framework of assumptions

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The cause precedes the effect in time.
There is an empirical relationship or pattern.
Rival explanations have been ruled out, and no longer apply.

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three levels of casulaity

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used to foster understanding by discovering the meaning of an event of practice by placing it within a social context.

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Interpretive –

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used with functional and pattern theories a researcher applies a set of interconnected assumptions and concepts. Functional theorists use structural explanation to account for an event by locating it within a larger, ongoing, balanced social system

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structural

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psychodynamic-funcitonal
behaviorist-cognitive
crisis intervention-task centered
systems-ecological
humanists
social justice

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major theories in social work

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states that occasional disruptions require pragmatic action.

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crisis interevention-task centered

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observe stimulus and response reactions and conditioning

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behaviorist-cognitive

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regards personality development and insights through conflicts.

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psychodynamic- functional

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systems interact within bounded entities involving feedback and adaptation.

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system-ecological

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theories state that individuals can transcend, grow, and move toward meaning.

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humanist

Front 119

-Any research class is fun
-Any particular research class is enormously fun

which is right?

Back 119

any research class is fun

Front 120

-An assignment was given by the instructor.
-The instructor gave an assignment

which is right?

Back 120

the instructor gave an assignment

Front 121

what are the rules of writing?

Back 121

-Do not write in third person
-write in active tense
-eliminate unnecessary words
-eliminate phrases when a word will do

Front 122

-The researchers administered the survey
-We administered the survey

which is right?

Back 122

we adminstered the survey

Front 123

-The plucky student
-The student with lots of pluck

which is right?

Back 123

the plucky student

Front 124

Which edition of the APA handbook style should you use?

Back 124

the fifth edition

Front 125

The lit review is sometime titled...

Back 125

history, background

Front 126

Start searching you topic _____ then get _____

Back 126

broad, narrow

inverted pyramid

Front 127

avoid a ______ approach

Back 127

list-like

Front 128

try to _____ findings and discover ____ and ____ in the field you are researching

Back 128

integrate
key areas
major arguments

Front 129

Elements of an article: methodology

Back 129

subjects
procedures
variables

Front 130

subjects

Back 130

description and sampling

Front 131

procedures

Back 131

including instruments

Front 132

variables

Back 132

detailed descriptions

Front 133

a category of theories involving the control of scarce resources, and how that controls favors dominant groups, forcing disempowered groups to seek to gain hegemony by radical action.

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social justice thoery

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how we look and think about a topic, background assumptions, open to revision by new data, ways to connect a single study to a broad class of explanations

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theory

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involves the often visible manifestations that are not choice driven, such as gender, race, and age.

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primary diversity

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describes the less visible manifestations that are more likely choice driven, such as ideology, and education.

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secondary diversity