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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does using random number tables for assigning subjects to groups eliminate
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systematic bias
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nurse researcher documents the frequency of new research cases over a given time period
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incidence
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what is occurring when the researcher assign people to experimental and control groups at random to make groups more comparable at the outset
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randomization
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technique of diving groups before randomization
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stratification
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prospective (cohort) study
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begin with the cause and look forward in time for its effect
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retrospective (case control) studies
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begin with outcome and look back in time for its cause
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what is the observed relationship between a presumes cause called
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independent variable
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what is a limitation of the research design for a quantitative study
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whether there will be a theoretical framework
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a different dose of treatments
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attention control
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used to avoid bias stemming from participants awareness of a group status
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masking/blinding
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what type of design occurs in a retrospective stdy with dta on both dependent and independent variable collected at a single point in time
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cross sectional
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prospective
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"cohort" look forward
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retrospective
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look in the past
"cross sectional" "case control" |
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what type of design starts with a cause and then goes forward and looks for the effect
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cohort (prospective)
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what would happen to the same people simultaneously exposed and not exposed to the casual factor in an idealized research model
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counterfactual
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what type of research design involves an experimental intervention but no randomization that supports casual inferences
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quasi experimental
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cross over design
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people are exposed to more than one experimental condition
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factorial designs
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two or more independent variables are manipulated simultaneously
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which phase of a clinical trial requires an experimental design
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3
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4 phases of a clinical trial
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phase 1- features of the intervention are finalized
phase 2- seeking opportunities for refinements phase 3- full experimental test of treatment efficacy phase 4- focus primarily on effectiveness and evidence about cost and benefits |
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studies that address the development and assessment of research tools or methods
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methodologic study
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study in which researchers analyze previously collected data
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secondary analysis
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what is US census
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survey
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what type of research can provide information about the effectiveness of clinical interventions that often involve a series of phases
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clinical trial
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what type of research can examine the quality and effectiveness of healthcare and nursing services
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outcomes
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what is identical replication
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exact duplication of methods of an earlier study
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what is a black box
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the underlying unmeasured causes or mediators of the observed effects of an intervention
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what is a cluster sample
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multistage selection of random samples from larger units
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what are 2 key considerations in assessing a sample in a quantitative study
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representativeness and size
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what type of sampling occurs when referrals for potential participants are made by those already in the sample
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snowball
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sampling design that is especially likely to yield a representative sample. what type of sample is this called
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systematic
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what type of analysis do researchers use to eliminate sample size needs
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power
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what is a population
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entire aggregation in which the researcher is interested in
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what is bias sampling
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systematic over or under representation of an attribute vis a vis the population
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which is the weakest of quantitative
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convenience
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what type of sampling divides the population into homogeneous strata from which elements are selected at random
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stratified random sampling
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what type of sampling are strata incorporated into the design
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quota
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what can be located in the archives that are used by historical researchers
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primary and secondary sources
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research term known as hermeneutics is closely related with what other research tradition
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phenomenology
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which approach aims to discover thoretical precepts grounded in the data
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grounded theory
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qualitative studies use an emergent design. when does the research design evolve
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while the researcher is in the field collecting and analyzing data
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what is the greatest strength of a case study
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obtains depth
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which design can apply to both qualitative and quantitative??
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cross sectional versus longitudinal
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phases of leiningers observation-particpation-refection enabler model
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1) primary observation and active listening 2) primary observation with limited participation 3) primary participation with continued observation 4) primary reflection and reconfirmation of results with informants
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grounded theory work with what sample size
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20-30
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what is typical qualitative sample size
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small, nonrandom
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phenomenologists work with what sample size who meets the criterion of having lived the experience under study
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10 or fewer
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what main qualitative tradition is theoretical sampling guided by
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grounded theory studies
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many qualitative studies evolve to selecting cases that will most benefit the study. what type of sample is being used
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purposive (purposeful sampling)
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asking early informants to refer other participants
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snowball
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what model of generalizability involves judgments about whether findings from an inquiry can be extrapolated to a different setting or group of people
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transferability
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what is data saturation
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sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved
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qualitative researchers often begin with with a sample where potential participants come forward and identify themselves, which type of sample is being used
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convenience sampling
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what type of researcher often uses key informants who serves as guides and interpreters of the culture
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ethnographers
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what type of research is used in a research based on theory
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theoretical framework
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what is not considered in determining the feasibility of a research question
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relevant theories
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what is a complex hypothesis
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anticipated relationship between two independent variables and two dependent variables
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what is the focus of research questions for a quantitaive study
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identified major variables in the study under investigation are present
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what is true regarding hypothesis in research reports
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hypothesis are more abstract than purpose statements
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what is a simple hypothesis
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relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable
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which is an example of a borrowed theory
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banduras social cognitive theory (non nursing model)
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whose major conceptual model of nursing is used by researchers
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rogers science of unitary human beings
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what type of theory purports to describe and explain large segments of the human experience
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grand theory
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which model explains and predicts the health promotion component of lifestyle
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health promotion model
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what are the building blocks of a theory
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concepts
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what type of theory attempts to explain decision making, stress, comfort, health promotion, and unpleasant symptoms
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middle range theory
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what is a broad abstract characterization of phenomena
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theory
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what is resonancy
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continuos change from lower to higher frequency wave patterns in human and environmental energy fields
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what is the main similarity between theories and conceptual models
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use concepts as building blocks
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what is the hallmark of scientific method
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systematic
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the power of theories lies in the ability to do what
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specify the nature of the relationship that exist among phenomena and offer explanations
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what was the concern of most nursing studies in the early 1900's
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nursing education
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is the US, in what area does research play an important role in nursing
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credentialing and status
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what is the highest priority for the importance of research in the nursing profession
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research findings provide evidence for informing nurses decisions and actions
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what is the epistemological assumption of those espousing a positive paradigm
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the researcher is objective and independent of those being studies
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what is involved in naturalistic qualitative research
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takes place in the field
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In the PICOT, which 2 components are not always needed in evidenced based practice
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the C and T (Comparison of interest) (Time)
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when putting research into practice, what step of the process is involved with the validity of study findings
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appraising the evidence
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the AGREE instrument consists ratings of quality in what type of scale
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4 point scale
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what is a mixed method synthesis
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integrates qualitative and quantitative
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what is not a major barrier to evidenced based practice
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the support of organizations that reward nurses who engage in research utilization efforts
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which database contains thousands of systematic reviews related to healthcare interventions
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cochrane database of systematic reviews
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where does evidenced based practice begin
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a search for the best possible information for addressing a clinical problem
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where does research utilization start
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use of a set of studies in a practical application unrelated to the original research
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what is the basic distinction in quantitative studies
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experimental and non experimental studies
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where are nurses most likely to find research results
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journal articles
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understanding peoples life experience
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phenomenological
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what is the operational definition in a quantitative study
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specify how a variable will be defined and measured
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which term is used for people who participate in qualitative
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study participants
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participants in quantitative
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subjects
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what is used widely by quantitative researchers
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ask research questions
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what is included in the methods sections of a study
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strategies used to address the problem
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what is the overall plan for answering the research question
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research design
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what is a casual relationship
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cause and effect
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what is the statement of the researchers expectations or predictions about relationships among study variables
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hypothesis
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descendancy approach (in finding studies on a topic)
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using a pivotal study to search forward to subsequent studies that cited it
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what do you do if you do not know the precise words for retrieving information on a topic
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mapping (using ones own keywords)
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what is an ancestry approach for finding studies on a topic
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tracking down earlier studies cited in a reference list of a report
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what is the primary source for a research literature review
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description of a study written by researcher who did the study
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first step in preparing a written research review
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formulating a question
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which database is the premier source for coverage of the biomedical literature
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medline
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in conducting a literature review, what is not of assistance
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information from anecdotal and opinion articles included in the literature
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in qualitative, what group of researchers is represented when collection of data occurs before reviewing the literature
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grounded theory researchers
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in qualitative, what group of researchers undertake a search for relevant material at the onset of a study
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phenomenologists
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